The Mob and the City (44 page)

3
. Rush,
Port of New York
, p. 124; Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace,
Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 665–66, 741–44, 1116–25.

4
. Port of New York Authority,
Outlook for Waterborne Commerce through the Port of New York
(New York: n.p., 1948), pp. 53–55, 74.

5
.
Report of the Engineer-in-Chief, on the Improvement of Water Front
(New York: n.p., April 26, 1871), p. 3; Michael Woodiwiss,
Organized Crime and American Power: A History
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), p. 159.

6
.
Report of the Joint Legislative Committee to Investigate the Affairs of the City of New York on the Dept. of Docks
(Albany, NY: n.p., January 31, 1922), p. 11.

7
. New York Department of Docks,
Report of the Dept. of Docks, 1872 & 1873
(New York: n.p., 1874), pp. 15–16.

8
.
Report of the Executive Committee to the New York City Council of Political Reform on the Operations of the Dept. of Docks
(New York: n.p., 1875), pp. 11–12.

9
.
Report and Proceedings of the Senate Committee Appointed to Investigate the Police Dept. of the City of New York
(Albany, NY: n.p., 1895), p. 42.

10
. Letter to F. H. La Guardia from Commissioner of Docks, April 27, 1934, in Box 121, in Subject Files, Papers of Mayor Fiorello La Guardia (hereafter “La Guardia Papers”) in New York City Municipal Archives, New York, NY (hereafter “NYMA”); Letter from John McKenzie to the Board of Commissioners, May 24, 1934, in Box 121 of La Guardia Papers (NYMA). Unless indicated otherwise, dollar figures have been adjusted to current value using the inflation calculator at:
http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm
(accessed May 19, 2013).

11
.
Waterfront Investigation: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
, Senate, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., 72–73, 462 (1953); Daniel Bell,
The End of Ideology
(New York: Collier Books, 1961), pp. 175–209.

12
. Letter from Am. Hawaiian Steamship Co. to Pacific Consolidators, March 2, 1934, in Box 121 in La Guardia Papers (NYMA).

13
.
Waterfront Investigation: New York, Interim Report of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
, Senate, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., 6–9 (1953).

14
. Oral history with Sam Madell, quoted in Jeff Kisseloff, ed.,
You Must Remember This: An Oral History of Manhattan from the 1890s to World War II
(New York: Schocken Books, 1989), p. 522;
Special Report of the Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor
(New York: 1970), pp. 4–5, 8.

15
.
Public Hearings (No. 5) Conducted by the New York State Crime Commission Pursuant to the Governor's Executive Orders
(New York: n.p., 1953) (testimony of Joseph Ryan), pp. 3607–10; Charles P. Larrowe,
Shape-up and Hiring Hall; a Comparison of Hiring Methods and Labor Relations on the New York and Seattle Water Fronts
(London: Cambridge University Press, 1955), p. 43; Mayor's Committee on Unemployment,
Report on Dock Employment in New York City and Recommendations for its Regularization
(New York: n.p., 1916), p. 27.

16
.
Waterfront Investigation
, 489–90 (1953);
Public Hearings (No. 5)
, pp. 3611–45, 3704 (1953).

17
. Mayor's Committee on Unemployment,
Report on Dock Employment in New York City and Recommendations for its Regularization
(New York: n.p., 1916), p. 10; Elizabeth Ogg,
Longshoremen and Their Homes
(New York: Greenwich House, 1939), pp. 28–29; Charles B. Barnes,
The Longshoremen
(New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1915), pp. 4–8.

18
. Oral history with Frank Barbaro, quoted in Myrna Frommer and Harvey Frommer,
It Happened in Brooklyn: An Oral History of Growing Up in the Borough in the 1940s, ’50s, and ’60s
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1993), pp. 228–29; Deirdre Marie Capone,
Uncle Al Capone: The Untold Story from Inside His Family
(New York: Recap, 2011), p. 28.

19
. My thanks to Rick Warner for citations clarifying Paul Kelly's gang affiliations.
New York Herald
, March 29, 1908; Herbert Asbury,
The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the Underworld
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927), p. 273;
New York Sun
, September 15, 1910;
New York Times
, May 13 and October 22, 1919, March 14, 1920, and April 5, 1936; Richard J. Butler,
Dock Walloper: The Story of “Big Dick” Butler
(New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1933), pp. 200, 221; Joseph Ryan, “Highlights of My Labor Career” (unpublished manuscript), quoted in Maud Russell,
Men Along the Shore
(New York: Brussel and Brussel, 1966), pp. 112–19; David Critchley,
The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891–1931
(London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 19–20.

20
.
Public Hearings (No. 5)
, pp. 3608–62 (1953) (testimony of Joseph Ryan);
Waterfront Investigation: New York–New Jersey: Report of Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
, Senate, 83d Cong., 1st Sess. (1953).

21
.
Public Hearings (No. 5)
, pp. 1593–94 (1953) (testimony of Constantino Scannavino);
Public Hearings (No. 5)
, pp. 1508–29 (1953) (testimony of Vincent Mannino).

22
. Joseph Bonanno with Sergio Lalli,
A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), p. 169;
Public Hearings (No. 5)
, pp. 1527–28 (1953) (testimony of Mannino);
New York Times
, September 18, 1930, October 3, 1941, October 7, 1941, December 19, 1952, and March 2, 1963.

23
. FBI Report, The Criminal Commission, December 19, 1962, in Records of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Record Group 65, National Archives and Records Administration at College Park, MD (hereafter “NARA College Park”). Thanks to the Mary Ferrell website for making this and other FBI files on the Mafia available online at
http://www.maryferrell.org
. FBI Report, Activities of Top Hoodlums in the New York Field Division, September 14, 1959, in FBI Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) File on Top Hoodlum Program (copy in possession of author);
Public Hearings (No. 5)
, pp. 3152–63 (1953);
New York Times
, December 14, 1952, October 26, 1957.

24
. Bonanno,
Man of Honor
, pp. 156, 170–71;
Public Hearings (No. 5)
, pp. 1690–98 (testimony of Umberto Anastasio);
New York Times
, April 29, 1923, October 26, 1957; Gen. Investigative Intelligence File, Albert Anastasia, February 25, 1954, in FBI FOIA File on Albert Anastasia (copy in possession of author).

25
.
New York Times
, December 24, 1919, August 10, 1924, October 11, 1968; James B. Jacobs, Coleen Friel, and Robert Radick,
Gotham Unbound: How New York City Was Liberated from the Grip of Organized Crime
(New York: New York University Press, 1999), pp. 33–41.

26
.
Public Hearings (No. 5)
, pp. 2091–2112 (1953) (testimony of Michael Clemente); FBI Memorandum, La Cosa Nostra, New York Waterfront, January 21, 1964, in RG 65 (NARA College Park);
New York Times
, January 22, 1953.

27
. United States Census Bureau,
1920 Federal Population Census
, Dist. 920, Alessandro Di Brizzi, New York, NY.

28
.
Public Hearings (No. 5)
, pp. 1910–39 (1953) (testimony of Alex Di Brizzi);
Waterfront Investigation
, pp. 438–39 (1953) (testimony of Joseph Ryan); FBI New York Office Report, Activities of Top Hoodlums in the United States, October 15, 1959, in RG 65 (NARA College Park).

29
. New York Department of Planning, “Total and Foreign-Born Population New York City, 1890–2000,”
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/census/1790–2000nyctotal.foreignbirth.pdf
(accessed May 19, 2013).

30
.
Report of the New York City Commission on Congestion of Population
(New York: n.p., 1911), p. 85.

31
. Oral history with Joseph Verdiccio, quoted in
Oral History of Manhattan
, p. 343.

32
. Arthur Train,
Courts, Criminals, and the Camorra
(New York: Charles Scribner's, 1912), p. 241.

33
. Joseph Valachi, “The Real Thing: The Exposé and Inside Doings of Cosa Nostra,” p. 6 (unpublished autobiography), in Boxes 1 & 2, Joseph Valachi Personal Papers, in John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, MA (hereafter “JFK Library”).

34
. Bonanno,
Man of Honor
, p. 79.

35
. John Manca and Vincent Cosgrove,
Tin For Sale: My Career in Organized Crime and the NYPD
(New York: William Morrow, 1991), pp. 34–36.

36
. Arcangelo Dimico, Alessia Isopi, and Ola Olsson, “Origins of the Sicilian Mafia: The Market for Lemons” (working paper, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, May 2012),
http://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/29193/1/gupea_2077_29193_1.pdf
(accessed May 19, 2013); Paolo Buonanno et al., “On the Historical and Geographic Origins of the Sicilian Mafia” (working paper, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy, February 2012),
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2009808
(accessed May 19, 2013); Salvatore Lupo,
History of the Sicilian Mafia
, trans. Antony Shugaar (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), p. 216; John Dickie,
Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 38–39, 201–202.

37
. I am indebted to Joshua B. Freeman's
Working Class New York: Life and Labor since World War II
(New York: New Press, 2000), pp. 2–22, and to Howard Kimeldorf's
Reds or Rackets: The Making of Radical and Conservative Unions on the Waterfront
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 67–70, for highlighting the importance of small manufacturers and shippers in New York.

38
. These statistics are calculated from data in United State Department of Commerce,
Census of Manufacturers, 1954, Vol. III, Area Statistics, Industry Statistics for Geographic Divisions, States, Standard Metropolitan Areas, Counties and Cities
(Washington, DC: GPO, 1955), in the charts at 104–4, 131–5, 131–30, 134–3, and 137–3.

39
. Jacob Riis,
How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York
(New York: Scribner, 1890), p. 69; Governor's Advisory Commission, Cloak, Suit, and Skirt Industry,
New York City: Report of an Investigation
(Albany, NY: n.p., 1925), pp. 1–2.

40
.
Commission on Congestion of Population
, p. 149.

41
. Oral history with Abe Feinglass on June 9, 1981, in Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison, WI; Dr. Michael Porter,
The Competitive Advantage of Nations
(New York: Free Press, 1990).