The Mohammed Code: Why a Desert Prophet Wants You Dead (66 page)

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Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Contributors: John S. Bowman - editor. Publisher: Columbia University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 569. Al-Walid.
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid

657
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutaibah_bin_Muslim

658
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hajjaj_bin_Yousef

659
Jamil Ahmad. Tariq Bin Ziyad. Renaissance: A Monthly Islamic Journal. An Affiliate of Al Mayrid Institute of Islamic Studies. Lahore, Pakistan. Retrieved April 20, 2013 , from the World Wide Web

http://www.renaissance.com.pk/marletf95.html
. Ivan Van Sertima, editor. The Golden Age of the Moor (Journal of African Civilizations, Vol 11, Fall 1991). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Press, 1991: p. 54.

660
David Nicolle, illustrated by Angus McBride. Armies of the Muslim Conquest. London: Osprey Publishing, 1993. p. 4.

661
Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Contributors: John S. Bowman - editor. Publisher: Columbia University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 334.

662
Professor K.S. Lal. Voice of Dharma, New Delhi. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

voi.org/books/tfst/chii23.htm. See also K.S. Lal. Muslim Slave System in Medieval India. Voice of Dharma. Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web:

http://www.voi.org/books/mssmi/,
http://www.voi.org/books/mssmi/ch3.htm
. In reading Indian sources on Islam, keep in mind that many Hindu Indians hate Moslems for the 1,300-year-long Islamic history of military assault, rape, pillage, conquest in their country, and ongoing war in their country. So Indian scholars tend to emphasize the darkest side of Islam. But the bias goes two ways. Many Moslems consider Hindu India one of the Great Satans. So statements from Indians tend to be radically anti-Islamic. And statements from Moslems about Indian Hindus and Buddhists are often vitriolic, militant, and wrathful.

663
Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Contributors: John S. Bowman - editor. Publisher: Columbia University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 263.

664
“The historian Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization (1972) that the Muslim conquest of India was "probably the bloodiest story in history." The exact number of people killed during the invasions will never be known. Estimates are based upon the muslim chronicles and demographic calculations. Prof. K.S. Lal estimated in his book
The Growth of Muslim Population in India
that between the years 1000 CE and 1500 CE the population of Hindus decreased by eighty million.” Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_invasion_of_India

665
Prof. Yusuf Al-Qaradawi claims that the Islamic meme motivated its Arab followers to leave the desert for the cities..the cities others had established…and to stay there. According to Al-Qaradawi, Mohammed himself—in the Hadith--cursed Bedouins who grew homesick in the cities they’d conquered and wanted to return to their desert homes. Colonialism was a holy obligation.
Prof. Yusuf Al-Qaradawi. The Sunnah: A Source of Civilization. Translated by El-Falah. Prophetmuhammadforall.org.
Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.prophetmuhammadforall.org/webfiles/downloads/english/sunnah.pdf

666
Book Title: A Modern History of Somalia: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa. Contributors: I. M. Lewis - author. Publisher: Westview Press. Place of Publication: Boulder, CO. Publication Year: 1988. Page Number: 25.

667
Wikipedia. Battle of Talas. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talas

Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/China/Talas.CP.html Battle of Talas River 751 Back to "First Age of Islamic Expansion" Chronology Back to "T'ang Dynasty" Chronology Back To "Abbasid Caliphate" Chronology For much of the early 700s, the Chinese Empire, under the T'ang dynasty, was successful in its foreign affairs. They recovered crucial lands they had previously lost and stabilized the Tibetan frontier. They secured trade routes through central Asia and contained threats from the Khitan and Hsi peoples.
In the late 740s, Chinese troops claimed lordship over Kabul and Kashmir of India.
But their string of victorious campaigns could not last forever, as China discovered at Talas River in 751. Islam's widespread emergence coupled with China's over-expansion,
led to the Battle at Talas River, the only battle between Arab Muslim forces and the army of the Chinese Empire.
The Chinese troops were led by Kao Hsien-chih, who had been successful in battles in Gilgit and in the Farghana region. But his success did not carry over, as
the Muslim armies were victorious.
The Muslims chose not to pursue the Chinese into central Asia. While the battle in itself was of minor importance, its ramifications on the future were very significant. The Arabs were put in a position to extend their Islamic influence throughout central Asia and its silk routes. The T'ang (in China) lost a good amount of power and their westward advance was halted. Muslim shipping in the Indian Ocean improved, which restricted the ocean's contacts with Hindu and Buddhist areas. The Muslims were never able to take control of the Himalayan northern borderlands.
Paper manufacturing, an unexpected byproduct from the Battle of Talas, was first spread to Samarkand and Baghdad, then from there carried to Damascus, Cairo, and Morocco
, and finally entered Europe through Italy and Spain.
This diffusion originated when Chinese prisoners who knew how to make paper, an art discovered in China at least 650 years earlier, were taken by the Arabs at the Talas River.
But most importantly, the Battle of Talas led to the An Lushan revolt, which broke out in 755. This rebellion paralyzed China for years and weakened the Tang dynasty until it collapsed a century and a half later. Sources: Twitchett, Denis, The Cambridge History of China (Cambridge University, Cambridge, 1979). McNeil, William, The Rise of the West (University of Chicago, Chicago, 1963). Kennedy, Hugh, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphrates (Longman, London, 1986). Garraty, John A. and Gay, Peter, The Columbia History of the World (Harper and Row; New York, 1972). Edited by: Frederick Skoglund Researched by: Joel Card Written by: Kim Wentzler December 15, 1998 Text copyright 1996-9 by David W. Koeller. [email protected]. All rights reserved.

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Just one Islamic ruled slave-trading territory in Africa, the Empire of Zanzibar, covered two million square kilometers. It was said that “when the flute plays in Zanzibar, all Africa dances”. All About Zanzibar. “Slaves & Ivory”. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web

http://www.allaboutzanzibar.com/indepth/history/id-01-01-34-slaves.htm

669
The Scourge of Slavery. Christian Action Magazine. Christian Action for Reformation and Revival. South Africa.

Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web
http://www.christianaction.org.za/articles_ca/2004-4-TheScourgeofSlavery.htm
. Remember this as you read these figures. "Some historians argue that abolitionists inflated the numbers of slaves in their reports in order to heighten indignation and gain support for their cause. Numbers are also a problem because of high mortality rates, especially in transport." (Merchants and Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean. Contributors: Patricia Risso - author. Publisher: Westview Press. Place of Publication: Boulder, CO. Publication Year: 1995. Page Number: 92.) But also keep in mind that if the statistics are even twice as large as the reality, the number of African lives affected by the Islamic slave trade still boggles the imagination.

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Retrieved April 20, 2013, from the World Wide Web
http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SH_CA/chapter_1.htm
(The Witness Pioneer (WP) is spreading and establishing the message of Islam...) Early History of Spread of Islam in (former) Soviet Union Back Contents Next Click to subscribe to witness-pioneer mailing list Chapter 1: Early History of Spread of Islam in (former) Soviet Union
The former Soviet Union consisted of fifteen Republics, six of them were Muslim majority. These were Azerbeizan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikhistan and Kirghizia.
There were also a large number of Muslims in Russian federation under USSR.
Tatars and Bashkhirs of Volga-Ural region and most of the population of North Caucasus of Russian federation were Muslims. Besides a large number of Tatar Muslims live in Siberia
and other regions.
Crimea on the north of Black sea was Muslim majority area. But after second world war, the Communist Soviet government expelled all Tatars from Crimea and exiled them to Siberia
, showing the reason that they helped the Germans during second world war. Later Crimea was included in another Soviet state Ukraine and Christian Slavs from Ukraine made settlement in Crimea. The Muslm population of Soviet Union are mainly concentrated in three regions. These are Central Asia, Volga-Ural and Caucasus. Firstly there are five Muslim states on the north of Afghanistan and Iran. These are Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. Secondly the Muslim settlements on the banks of Volga river and Muslim regions of Tataria and Bashkhiria on the Ural mountains. Lastly the region between Black sea and Kashpian Sea.
About one fourth of the area of Soviet Union was Muslim majority.
If we exclude Siberia then it can be said that around half of the area of Soviet Union was Muslim majority, because the ice-covered barren Siberia occupies half of Soviet Union. Total population of Soviet Union was 22 crores(in 1975), of them Muslims are around 4 crores. There is shortage of authentic information about the exact population of Muslims in Soviet Union. In 1913 there were around one crore and eighty lac Muslims in Tsar ruled Russia [Bennigsen. A. Islam in The Soviet Union, Pali Mall Press, London]. In 1960 it was assumed that Muslim population of Soviet Union was more than three crore [Bennigsen. A. Islam in The Soviet Union, Pali Mall Press, London]. Depending on these statistics it is assumed that Muslim population of Russia is now around 4 crore(in the year 1975).
Almost 85% of the Muslim population of Soviet Union are Turkish in origin and Turkish speaking
. People of Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan of Central Asia, Tataria and Bashkhiria of Volga-Ural, and Azerbeizan of South Caucasus mountains are Turkish speaking. Beside these there are several Turkish speaking population in North Caucasus, Siberia, Lithuania and Belarus. The rest 15% Muslim population of Soviet Union are mainly
the Farsi speaking population of Tajikhistan
. Beside Turkish and Farsi speaking population, there are Muslim population in Caucasus with different local languages (e.g Dagestani, Chechen, Inguish, Kabarda, Adizei) and few Arabic speaking Muslims. It can be inferred from this discussion that only with the exception of Tajikhistan and North Caucasus whole of the Muslim population of Soviet Union are Turkish speaking and Turkish in origin. It is true that Turkish language in different parts of Soviet Union have different dialects. Soviet government have divided Turkish Muslim population on the basis of this difference. But the linguistic and nationalist unity of Turkish people cannot be overlooked. According to Alexander Bennigsen one Uzbek feel no problem to understand the language of Kazakh, Turkmen or Azeri people [Bennigsen. A. Islam in The Soviet Union, Pali Mall Press, London]. “
The call of Islam reached Central Asia and South Caucasus Mountains in the eighth century.
At that time the whole of Central Asia(except Northern part of Kazakhstan) and Caucasus came under Muslim Rule.
In course of time most of the population of these areas accepted Islam and became Muslims. Islam entered in different parts of Russia from Central Asia and Caucasus. The Tatars of Volga-Ural accepted Islam in the middle age.
The Tatars are also Turkish speaking and Turkish in origin
.
The nomads of North Kazakhstan and Kirghiz peoples of Kirghizistan accepted Islam between 16th and 19th century.
Almost all Muslims of Lithuania, Siberia and Belarus are Tatar-Turk. They settled there during the reign of Tsar. Most of the Muslim regions came under Russian control during Tsars reign. Yet
propagation and expansion of Islam continued upto the beginning of 20th century.
Different tribes of Volga like Mari, Mordvinian, Udmut and Chuvas accepted Islam during this time. Back Contents Next [ Library ] [ Al-Qur'an ] [ Hadeeth ] [ Books ] [ Articles ] Send mail to [email protected] with questions or comments about this web site. Copyright © 2002 WPONLINE.ORG Last modified: September 16, 2002

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“Golden Horde”

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Golden Horde

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The empire of the Golden Horde at its greatest extent.

The empire of the Golden Horde at its greatest extent.

From A. Hermann, An Historical Atlas of China

also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for the Ulus Juchi, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were a mixture of Turks and Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy.

The ill-defined western portion of the empire of Genghis Khan formed the territorial endowment of his oldest son, Juchi. Juchi predeceased his father in 1227, but his son Batu (q.v.) expanded their domain in a series of brilliant campaigns that included the sacking and burning of the city of Kiev in 1240. At its peak the Golden Horde's territory included most of European Russia from the Urals to the Carpathian Mountains, extending east deep into Siberia. On the south the Horde's lands bordered on the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, and the Iranian territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Il-Khans.

Batu founded his capital, Sarai Batu, on the lower stretch of the Volga River. The capital was later moved upstream to Sarai Berke, which at its peak held perhaps 600,000 inhabitants. The Horde was gradually Turkified and Islamized, especially under their greatest khan, Öz Beg (1313–41). The Turkic tribes concentrated on animal husbandry in the steppes, while their subject peoples, Russians, Mordvinians, Greeks, Georgians, and Armenians, contributed tribute. The Russian princes, particularly those of Muscovy, soon obtained responsibility for collecting the Russian tribute. The Horde carried on an extensive trade with Mediterranean peoples, particularly their allies in Mamluk Egypt and the Genoese.

The Black Death, which struck in 1346–47, and the murder of Öz Beg's successor marked the beginning of the Golden Horde's decline and disintegration. The Russian princes won a signal victory over the Horde general Mamai at the Battle of Kulikovo (q.v.) in 1380. Mamai's successor and rival, Tokhtamysh, sacked and burned Moscow in retaliation in 1382 and reestablished the Horde's dominion over the Russians. Tokhtamysh had his own power broken, however, by his former ally Timur, who invaded the Horde's territory in 1395, destroyed Sarai Berke, and deported most of the region's skilled craftsmen to Central Asia, thus depriving the Horde of its technological edge over resurgent Muscovy.

In the 15th century the Horde disintegrated into several smaller khanates, the most important being those of the Crimea, Astrakhan, and Kazan. The last surviving remnant of the Golden Horde was destroyed by the Crimean Khan in 1502.

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