The Myth of Monogamy: Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People (44 page)

97 Female appreciation of males: E. Forsgren. 1997. Female sand gobies prefer good fathers over dominant males.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B
264: 1283-1286.

97 Not coincidentally, male dunnocks: N. B. Davies, I. R. Hartley, B. J. Hatchwell, and N. E. Langmore. 1996. Female control of copulations to maximize male help: a comparison of polygynandrous alpine accentors,
Prunella collaris,
and dunnocks
P. modularis. Animal Behaviour
51: 27-47.

98 Probably she does this to convince: N. B. Davies. 1983. Polyandry, cloaca pecking and sperm competition in dunnocks.
Nature
302: 334-336.

98 His sperm pass with extraordinary speed: M. Kohda, M. Tanimura, M. Kikue-Nakamura, and S. Yamagishi. 1995. Sperm drinking by female catfishes: a novel mode of insemination.
Environmental Biology of Fish
42: 1-6.

210
THE MYTH OF MONOGAMY

98 Most likely, the males were duped: J. O. Gjershaug, T. Jarvi, and E. Roskaft. 1989. Marriage entrapment by "solitary" mothers: a study on male deception by female pied flycatchers.
The American Naturalist
133: 273-276.

99 But they might nonetheless coerce an EPC: D. F. Westneat. 1992. Do female red-winged blackbirds engage in a mixed mating strategy?
Ethology
92: 7-28.

99 The researcher reports [subsequent quote]: P. C. Frederick. 1987. Extrapair copulations in the mating system of white ibis
(Eudocimus albus). Behaviour
100: 170-201.

100
Interestingly, this behavior was not characteristic: Ibid.

100
Only after females finally break down: P. J. Watson. 1993. Foraging advantage of polyandry for female Sierra dome spiders
(Linyphia litigiosa: linyphiidae)
and assessment of alternative direct benefit hypotheses.
The American Naturalist
141: 440-465.

100
With growing awareness of the importance of EPCs: R. E. Ashcroft. 1976. A function of the pairbond in the common eider.
Wildfowl
27: 101-105.

100
No one knows the mechanism involved: E. J. A. Cunningham. 1997. Forced copulation and sperm competition in the mallard
Anas platyrhunchos.
Ph.D. dissertation, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.

101
"Peahens lay more eggs,": E.g., M. Petrie and A. Williams. 1993. Peahens lay more eggs for peacocks with larger trains.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B
251: 127-131; N. Burley. 1988. The differential allocation hypothesis: an experimental test.
The American Naturalist
132: 611-628.

102
Thus, of 11 heterosexual pairs observed: R. Palombit. 1994. Dynamic pair bonds in hylobatids: implications regarding monogamous social systems.
Behaviour
128: 65-101.

102
There are many possible reasons for pairs: S. Choudhury. 1995. Divorce in birds: a review of the hypotheses.
Animal Behaviour
50: 413-429.

102
Thus, a renowned study of cliff-nesting gulls: J. C. Coulson. 1972. The significance of the pair-bond in the kittiwake. In
Proceedings of the International Ornithology Congress.
Leiden, Holland: Brill.

102
An alternative view, recently advanced: B. Ens, U. N. Safriel, and M. P. Harris. 1993. Divorce in the long-lived and monogamous oystercatcher,
Haematopus ostralegus:
incompatibility or choosing the better option?
Animal Behaviour
45: 1199-1217; A. A. Dhondt and F. Adriaensen. 1994. Causes and effects of divorce in the blue tit
Parus caeruleus. journal of Animal Ecology
63: 979-987; M. Orell, S. Rytkonen, and K. Koivula. 1994. Causes of divorce in the monogamous willow tit,
Parus montanus,
and consequences for reproductive success.
Animal Behaviour
48:1143-1150.

102
A research paper titled: D. Heg, B. Ens, R. T. Burke, L. Jenkins, and J. P. Krujit. 1993. Why does the typically monogamous oystercatcher
(Haematopus ostralegus)
engage in extra-pair copulations?
Behaviour
126: 247-288.

NOTES 211

102 Assuming that most, if not all: M. S. Sullivan. 1994. Mate choice as an information gathering process under time constraint: implications for behaviour and signal design.
Animal Behaviour
47: 141-151.

102 Similarly, in another bird species: M. A. Colwell and L. W. Oring. 1989. Extra-pair mating in the spotted sandpiper: a female mate acquisition tactic.
Animal Behaviour
38: 675-684; R. H. Wagner. 1991. The use of extrapair copulations for mate appraisal by razorbills,
Alca torda. Behavioral Ecology
2: 198-203.

103 They may even be increasing their chances: H. L. Gibbs, R J. Weatherhead, P. T. Boag, B. N. White, L. M. Tabak, and K. J. Hoysak. 1990. Realized reproductive success of polygynous red-winged blackbirds revealed by DNA markers.
Science
250: 1394-1397.

103 It has also been suggested: R. H. Wagner. 1993. The pursuit of extra-pair copulations by female birds: a new hypothesis of colony formation.
Journal of Theoretical Biology
163: 333-346.

103 When eastern bluebirds have already succeeded: P. A. Gowaty and W. C. Bridges. 1991. Behavioral, demographic, and environmental correlates of extra-pair fertilizations in eastern bluebirds,
Sialia sialis. Behavioral Ecology
2: 339-350.

103 In bird species as diverse: A. D. Afton. 1985. Forced copulation as a reproductive strategy of male lesser scaup: a field test of some predictions.
Behaviour
92: 146-167; D. Westneat. 1987. Extra-pair copulations in a predominantly monogamous bird: observations of behaviour.
Animal Behaviour
35: 865-876.

103 Thus, if divorce is more likely: F. Cezily and R. G. Nager. 1995. Comparative evidence for a positive association between divorce and extra-pair paternity in birds.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B
262: 7-12.

104 The result was that fewer than half: E. Peterson, T. Jarvi, J. Olsen, J. Mayer, and M. Hedenskog. 1999. Male-male competition and female choice in brown trout.
Animal Behaviour
57: 777-783.

105 It seems likely that EPCs: B. C. Sheldon. 1993. Sexually transmitted disease in birds: occurrence and evolutionary significance.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
339: 491-497.

105 That is, in this species: E. M. Gray. 1996. Female control of offspring paternity in a western population of red-winged blackbirds
(Agelius phoeniceus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
38: 267-278.

106 Once out of the male's field of vision: Recounted in R. R. Baker and M. A. Bellis. 1995.
Human Sperm Competition.
London: Chapman & Hall.

106 One exception is my own research: D. P. Barash. 1976. Male response to apparent female adultery in the mountain bluebird
(Sialia currucoides):
an evolutionary interpretation.
The American Naturalist
110: 1097-1101.

107 Female barn swallows who "cain't": A. M0ller. 1988. Paternity and paternal care in the swallow,
Hirunda rustica. Animal Behaviour
36: 996-1005.

212
THE MYTH OF MONOGAMY

107 When males reduce paternal care: S. Markman, Y. Yom-Tov, and J. Wright. 1995. Male parental care in the orange-tufted sunbird: behavioural adjustment in provisioning and nest guarding effort.
Animal Behaviour
50:
655-669.

108 In other cases, compensation: N. Saino and A. P. Mailer. 1995. Testosterone-induced depression of male parental behavior in the barn swallow: female compensation and effects on seasonal fitness.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
36: 151-157.

108 Although eastern bluebirds are normally monogamous: P. A. Gowaty. 1983. Male parental care and apparent monogamy in eastern bluebirds
(Sialia sialis). The American Naturalist
121: 149-157.

108 The risk that males may reduce: R. A. Mulder, P. O. Dunn, A. Cockburn, K. A. Lazenby-Cohen, and M. J. Howell. 1994. Helpers liberate female fairy-wrens from constraints on extra-pair mate choice.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 255:
223-229.

108 Among these species, EPCs: J. W. Chardine. 1987. Influence of pair-status on the breeding behaviour of the kittiwake
Rissa tridactyla
before egg-laying.
Ibis
129: 515-526; S. A. Hatch. 1987. Copulation and mate guarding in the northern fulmar.
Auk
104: 450-461.

108 Previous research has shown: A. P. Mailer. 1991. Defence of offspring by male swallows,
Hirundo rustica,
in relation to participation in extra-pair copulations by their mates.
Animal Behaviour
42: 261-267.

108 Not only are resident males zealous: P. J. Weatherhead, R. Montgomerie, H. L. Gibbs, and P. T. Boag. 1994. The cost of extra-pair fertilizations to female red-winged blackbirds.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 258:
315-320.

109 A study conducted : D. F. Westneat. 1992. Do female red-winged blackbirds engage in a mixed mating strategy?
Ethology
92: 7-28.

109 The salient finding of one research effort: A. Dixon, D. Ross, S. L. C. O'Malley, and T. Burke. 1994. Paternal investment inversely related to degree of extra-pair paternity in the reed bunting.
Nature
371: 698-700.

109 After an EPC that took place: T. H. Birkhead and J. D. Biggins. 1987. Reproductive synchrony and extra-pair copulation in birds.
Ethology
74: 320-334.

109 On the other hand, older male purple martins: E. S. Morton, L. Forman, and M. Braun. 1990. Extrapair fertilizations and the evolution of colonial breeding in purple martins.
Auk
107: 275-283.

110 Neither of the extra-pair males helped: Recounted in T. Birkhead and A. P. Mailer. 1992.
Sperm Competition in Birds.
San Diego: Academic Press.

110 This, in turn, might result: D. P. Barash. 2001.
Revolutionary Biology: The New Gene-Centered View of Life.
New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.