The New Middle East (69 page)

 
41
   
Time
magazine, ‘World: Libya: The Enfant Terrible’, 2 August 1971.

 
42
   
Time
magazine, ‘World: Nasser’s Legacy: Hope and instability’, 12 October 1970.

 
43
   John Calvert
, Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism
, Kindle edition, Columbia University Press, New York, 2010, p. 6.

 
44
   Robert Worth, ‘The Deep Intellectual Roots of Islamic Terror’,
New York Times
, 13 October 2001.

 
45
   Calvert,
Sayyid Qutb
,
p. 186.

 
46
   Ibid.,
p. 142.

 
47
   Ibid.,
p. 279.

 
48
   Ibid.,
p. 8.

 
49
   Barbara H. E. Zollner,
The Muslim Brotherhood: Hasan al-Hudaybi and Ideology
, Routledge, New York, 2009, p. 43.

 
50
   Sayyid Qutb,
Milestones
, SIME epublishing loc. 12754.

 
51
   Ibid., loc. 1312.

 
52
   Ibid., loc. 818.

 
53
   Calvert,
Sayyid Qutb
,
p. 263.

 
54
   Ibid.

 
55
   Laura Mansfield,
His own words: Translation and Analysis of the writings of Dr. Ayman Zawahiri
, TLG Publications, USA, p. 48.

 
56
   Ibid., p. 51.

 
57
   US embassy cables, ‘Egyptian military’s influence in decline, US told Guardian’, 3 February 2011.

 
58
   
Time
magazine, ‘The World: Middle East: The Underrated Heir’, 17 May 1971.

 
59
   Kirk J. Beattie,
Egypt during the Sadat Years
, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, p. 43

 
60
   Ibid., p. 38.

 
61
   
Time
magazine, ‘The World: Egypt: Sadat in the Saddle’, 31 May 1971.

 
62
   
Economist
magazine, ‘The Man least Likely’, 22 May 1971, p. 16.

 
63
   
Economist
magazine, ‘A Lasso of Sad Garlands to Catch Nasser’s Heir’, 22 May 1971, p. 35.

 
64
   Beattie,
Egypt
, p. 76.

 
65
   Pargeter,
The Muslim Brotherhood,
loc. 533.

 
66
   Sadat and Begin were awarded theirs in 1978. Carter was awarded his Nobel Prize in 2002 for his efforts at promoting peaceful solutions to international conflicts.

 
67
   ‘Memorandum of Conversation The White House, April 1974’, The Gerald Ford Presidential Library.

 
68
   Rogan,
The Arabs
,
p. 365.

 
69
   William E. Farrell, ‘SADAT ASSASSINATED AT ARMY PARADE AS MEN AMID RANKS FIRE INTO STANDS; VICE PRESIDENT AFFIRMS “ALL TREATIES” ’,
New York Times
, 7 October 1981.

 
70
   John Kifner, ‘Jubilation in Beirut’,
New York Times
, 7 October 1981.

 
71
   Associated Press, ‘All But 3 Arab states boycott Sadat’s funeral’, 11 October 1981.

 
72
   Gilles Kepel,
Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and Pharaoh
, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1985, p. 192.

 
73
   Mansfield,
His own words
, p. 52.

Part II: Revolution

 
1
   Mark Landler, ‘Obama Seeks Reset in Arab World’,
New York Times
, 11 May 2011.

 
2
   Richard Stengel, Bobby Ghosh and Karl Vick, ‘Transcript:
TIME
’s Interview with Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi’,
Time
magazine, 28 November 2012.

 
3
   Condoleezza Rice,
No Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years in Washington
, Kindle edition, Crown Publishers, New York, 2011, p. 374.

 
4
   Ibid.

 
5
   George W. Bush,
Decision Points
, Kindle edition, Crown Publishers, New York, 2010, p. 435.

 
6
   Rice,
No Higher Honor
, p. 375.

 
7
   Ibid.

 
8
   Secretary Condoleezza Rice, ‘Remarks at the American University in Cairo’
,
US Department of State Archive, 20 June 2005.

 
9
   Ibid.

 
10
   Secretary Condoleezza Rice, ‘Question and Answer at the American University in Cairo’,
US Department of State Archive’, 20 June 2005.

 
11
   
New York Times
, ‘A Selection From the Cache of Diplomatic Dispatches US Embassy, Cairo’, 29 November 2005.

 
12
   BBC News, ‘Egypt vote in run-off election amid fraud row’, 2 December 2010

 
13
   Secretary of State for War (Mr Antony Head), ‘Statement to the British House of Commons’, 31 January 1952.

 
14
   Yolande Knell, ‘Egypt’s police still in crisis after revolution’, BBC News, 5 March 2012.

 
15
   Human Rights Watch, ‘Egypt: Prosecute Police in Beating Death’, 24 June 2010.

 
16
   David Wolman, ‘The Digital Road to Egypt’s Revolution’,
New York Times
, 10 February 2012.

 
17
   Reuters, ‘Egypt govt warns activists against Tuesday protest’,
The
Dawn
newspaper, 25 January 2011.

 
18
   Amos Elon, ‘One Foot on the Moon’,
New York Review of Books
, 6 April 1995

 
19
   BBC News, ‘Egypt protests: Eyewitness accounts’, 25 January 2011.

 
20
   Human Rights Watch, ‘Egypt: Documented Death toll from Protests Tops 300’, 8 February 2011.

 
21
   I have changed Nihad’s name and avoided giving details that would identify her, as this was in conversation, not a formal interview. I have included her comments because of the insight they give into the thinking of the people serving in the police force.

 
22
   BBC News, ‘Deaths in Egypt’s Suez after Port Said football unrest’, 3 February 2012.

 
23
   
New York Times
, ‘A Selection From the Cache of Diplomatic Dispatches, US Embassy, Cairo’, 16 March 2008.

 
24
   
New York Times
, ‘A Selection From the Cache of Diplomatic Dispatches, US Embassy, Cairo’, 23 September 2008.

 
25
   Jane Kinninmont,
‘Bread, Dignity and Social Justice’: The Political Economy of Egypt’s Transition
, Chatham House, April 2012, p. 16.

 
26
   Melissa Bell, ‘Amnesty International: Egypt military admits to “Virginity tests,” promises to end practice’,
Washington Post
, 27 June 2011.

 
27
   Amnesty International, Annual report 2012: Egypt.