The Red and the White: A Family Saga of the American West (56 page)

Miller, Emma, 147

Miller, John, 71

mining, 177

see also
gold

Minneapolis, Minn., 60

Minnesota, 19

Minnesota River, 60

missionaries, 78–79, 82, 85, 140

Mississippi River, 12, 13, 20, 60, 64, 70

Missouri, 20

Missouri Fur Company (MFC), 31–33

Missouri River, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 27, 31, 35, 40, 41, 43, 47, 50, 84, 97, 121

M. Clarke in upper region of, 71–85

Mistakis
(Rocky Mountains), 21

Mitchell, David, 39, 40

Mix, Tom, 210

Modern Blackfeet: Montanans on a Reservation
(McFee), 243

Mohicans, 48

Montana, 8

author’s visit to, 1–3

changing demographics of, 162–63

in fur trade era,
10
, 30, 35

Helen Clarke as drawn home to, 6, 147, 158–66, 177–78, 184–94

J. L. Clarke’s nearly lifelong residency in, 197, 209

M. Clarke in Upper Missouri region of, 71–85

political evolution of, 86–87

politics in, 163–65

race war in, 93–97

threat to settlers in, 111–12

as transformed by gold rush, 86–89

in turmoil,
106

Montana, University of, 196

Montana Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 206–7

Montana Historical Society (MHS), 1, 93, 152, 159, 195–97,
196
, 236–37, 239

Montana School for the Deaf and Blind, 196, 222

Montana School for the Deaf and Dumb, 222

Montana State Capitol, 235–36

Montana Vigilance Committee, 87, 88, 159

Monteath, James H., 185–86

Montezuma, 85

Morgan, Bob, 238–39

Morgan, Thomas J., 170–71, 175

Morill, Justin, 166

Mountain Chief, 116, 119, 123, 126, 128, 150

Heavy Runner mistaken for, 125–27

son of, 97, 100–101

mourning, Indian rituals of, 25, 147

Museum of the Plains Indian, 231, 233, 235

J. L. Clarke’s friezes for, 231, 233,
234

mutilation of corpses, 32, 45, 64, 95

Napi (Old Man; Creator), 21, 26, 250

napikwans
(“old man persons”; whites), 28, 41–42, 46, 49, 51, 125

Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 11, 14

Natawista, marriage of Culbertson and, 50, 52, 53, 72–73, 83, 257

National Anti-Slavery Standard
, 138

Native Americans,
see
Indians

Navajos, J. L. Clarke’s marketing use of, 216

Nebraska, 171

Nebraska, University of, 2

Nellie Rogers
, 90–91

Ne-so-ke-i-u (Four Bears),
see
Clarke, E. Malcolm

Ne-tus-che-o, see Owl Child, Pete

Never Laughs, 52

New Deal, 228, 291

New France, 27

New North-West
, 110, 131

New Orleans, La., 10–11, 33, 65, 70

“New Policy,” 185

New York, N.Y., 212, 220–21

Blackfeet tourist promotion in, 187

theater in, 4, 153, 155–56;
see also
Clarke, Helen P. “Nellie,” stage career of

as transportation hub, 20, 32

New York Times
, 132–33, 136

Nez Perces, 89, 162, 217

Reservation allotted for, 170

Nez Perce War, 103

Niagara Falls, 65

Nichols, Alice, 164

nita’piwaskin
(“real food”; buffalo meat), 22

Northampton, Mass., 203

North Dakota, 14, 27, 29, 35

North Dakota School for the Deaf (NDSD), 201–4, 207

Northern American West:

adventure-seeking in, 5

Blackfeet control of, 12, 15

harsh climate of, 29, 109, 113, 118,
120
, 121–23, 130

incorporated into U.S., 5, 19–20

influx of whites into, 1–2, 18–19, 32, 42, 59, 62, 83–84, 86, 88, 94,
95
, 121, 162–63, 171, 177

M. Clarke’s childhood in, 60–65

Southwest compared to, 24

Northern Pacific railroad, 182

North West Company (NWC), 28–29, 48, 124

Northwest Ordinance, 19

Oberammergau, Bavaria, 218

Ohio, 40

Ohio River and Valley, land grants in, 19, 20

oil, discovery of, 171, 180, 245

oil barons, 171

Ojibwas, 37, 62–63

Oklahoma,
172
, 282

oil discovered in, 171, 180

Omahkoyis (Big Tree Lodge; Glacier Park Lodge), 183

101 Ranch, 180

“150% men,” 243, 244

O’Neill, Mary, 190

oralism, manualism vs., 203–4

Orozco, José Clemente, 228

Otoe-Missourias:

allotment of, 6, 171, 173–75,
175
, 178–81, 192

background of, 282

Owl Child, Pete, 98–102, 109, 117, 128, 184, 255

Owl Woman, 4

Owyhee Avalanche
, 131

“Palace of the Prairie,” 171

Parker, Ely, 132

Peace Commission, 135, 138

peace medals, 14, 16, 126

Pease, William B., 131–32, 140

Pennsylvania, 20, 168–70, 200

Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, 212, 218, 219, 289

Pericles, 165

Phil Kearny, Fort, 122

Phillips, Wendell, 139

Piegan, Fort, building and burning of, 39

Piegans, 2, 74, 92, 108, 112, 185

Assiniboine attack on, 43–45,
44

burial customs of, 147

childhood of, 45

Coulter’s encounter with, 30–31

friezes depicting traditional life of, 227–31

fur trade and, 8–9, 39

gender-based roles of, 46–47

as “Glacier Indians,” 190

and guns, 24–25

Helen Clarke’s generosity to, 191

Horace Clarke’s ambivalence toward, 5–6

horses owned by, 24

Joe Kipp scorned by, 143–44

Lewis’s violent encounter with, 15–18, 30

as local color, 183, 223

in Marias Massacre, 109–10, 125–33, 136, 137

in M. Clarke’s murder, 5, 7

population of, 25

in race war, 94–97

renaming of landscape features by, 193–94

as “scabby robes,” 14

smallpox among, 43

in tribal warfare, 25–26, 96–97

U.S. Army campaign against, 105–6, 114–30

U.S. relations with, 15

violence against, 76–77

warrior image of, 25–26

white intruders as viewed by, 9, 28–29

Piegan War, 93–97

Pikunis,
see
Piegans

Piotopowaka (the Bird That Comes Home),
see
Clarke, Helen P. “Nellie”

piskun
(buffalo jump), 22, 228–29,
230

Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL), 204, 211, 212, 227

Plassmann, Martha, Horace Clarke’s interview with, 141–43, 145–46, 151

Platte River, 30, 115

Plummer, Henry, 88

pneumonia, 192

Pocahontas, 243

Poe, Edgar Allan, 55

Poinsett, Joel, 71

Point, Nicolas, 78–79

politics:

in Montana, 163–65

in temperance movement, 42

see also specific parties

polygyny, 46, 80, 92–93, 256

Poncas, allotment of, 6, 171–72, 174–75, 178, 179–81, 192

Ponca Trail of Tears, 171

ponokaomita
(“elk dog”; horse), 23

Potomac, Army of the, 116

Potts, John, 30, 31

Prairie du Chien, Treaty of (1825), 63

Pratt, Richard Henry, 167–70,
169

Prickly Pear Valley, 120

Clarke ranch at, 92, 97, 98, 104, 105, 146, 151–52

Priest Butte, 122

printing press, 203

public opinion:

backlash in, 115, 121, 129, 131–33

humanitarian, 134, 137–40

Purdy, W. Frank, 212

Quebec, founding of, 27

racial classification, 3, 82

racially blended people, 142

bias against, 82–83, 154–55, 161–63, 165, 186, 189, 197, 214, 264

Blackfeet predominance of, 242–43

commercial promotion through heritage of, 215–16

contemporary challenges of, 245

enclaves of, 84–85

evolving gulf between whites and, 162–63, 165, 197

in government bureaucracy, 189–90

Helen Clarke as champion of, 154, 178, 193

lack of documentation of, 3, 45, 52, 84

rejection of heritage by, 237

social dislocation of, 4, 155, 158–59, 161, 164, 185

two worlds of, 4, 6, 150, 191, 194, 237, 242–45

see also specific individuals

Racine, Albert, 226, 231

railroads, 20, 65, 89, 116, 143, 181

Railsback, Edmund O., 164

Rapid City, S.Dak., 231

Raymond, Fort (Fort Manuel), 30, 31

Reconstruction era, 2, 164, 244

Red Horn, 123

Red Man
, 170

Red River, 84–85, 115

reform, reformers:

abolitionist, 137–41, 166, 275

for black suffrage, 162

Indian, 114, 115, 121, 137–41, 225, 227;
see also
allotment policy; Carlisle Indian School

misguided paternalistic goals of, 167–68, 174

in temperance movement, 42

Republican Party, 161, 163, 166, 179

reservations:

breakup of,
see
allotment policy

depiction of life on, 153–54

as goal of reform, 114

Riplinger (fur trader), 124

Rivera, Diego, 228

robe press, 37

Roblin, Charles, 186–87

Rockefeller, Abby, 217

Rockefeller, David, 217, 290

Rockefeller, John D., as patron of J. Clarke, 6, 197, 216–18, 219, 223

Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 216–17

Rocky Mountain goat, carvings of,
207
, 211, 217, 219, 225, 235, 239, 240

Rocky Mountains, 21, 40, 48, 92, 113, 121, 123, 146, 177, 183

Rolfe, Thomas, 243

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 227

Roosevelt, Theodore, 167, 181, 183

Ross, Reuben, 71

Royle, Edwin Milton, 153–55

Rupert’s Land, 28

Russell, Charles Marion, 225, 236, 289

buffalo skull icon of, 210

marriage of, 214

support for J. L. Clarke by, 209–11, 213, 215, 222

Russell, Nancy, 214

Sacagawea, 14, 243

Saint-Domingue (Haiti), slave uprising on, 11

St. Francis, Wis., 207

St. John’s School for the Deaf, 208–9

St. Lawrence River, 27, 48

St. Louis, Mo., 13, 15, 34, 76, 77, 90, 200, 209, 243

St. Peters
, 43

Sand Creek Massacre, 2, 4, 110, 115, 134

Sanders, Harriet, 160

Sanders, Helen Fitzgerald, 190–91

Sanders, James, 160, 180

Sanders, Wilber Fisk, 159–60, 163–65, 175, 179, 180, 266, 279

Sandoval, Isidoro, 92

San Jacinto, Battle of, 69

Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 68–69

Saukamappee, 250

scalp dance, 76

scalps, scalpings, 24, 25, 26, 45, 95

scarlet fever, 6, 146, 198–200

Scheurele, Joe, 289

School of American Sculpture, 212

Schultz, James Willard, 193–95, 257

Scotland, 85

Scott, Dred, 258

Scott, Martin, 60–61, 258

Scott, Walter, 157

Scott, Winfield, 60, 67

scurvy, 60

Second Dragoons, 118

“See America First” slogan, 182–83

Seen From Afar, 50

“seizers” (U.S. troops), 97

Senate, U.S., 135, 166

Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), 18, 58

Seymour, Thomas, 58

Sharp, Joseph Henry, 191

Shaw, Fort, 97, 105, 107,
107
, 109, 110, 116, 118,
120
, 121, 129, 200, 272

historical marker for,
144

Shaw, Robert Gould, 118

Shenandoah Valley, 114, 115, 119

Sherburne, J. H., 188–90

Sheridan, Philip H., 119,
119
, 130, 272

accolades for, 131

aggressive Indian campaign strategy of, 113–17, 121, 135

condemnation of, 137, 138

“good Indian” as “dead Indian” comment of, 113

as “Little Phil,” 113

in Marias Massacre debate, 133–34

Sully’s conflict with,
108
, 111, 114

on transfer initiative, 135

Sherman, Eleanor, support of J. L. Clarke by, 220–22, 229

Sherman, John, 135, 166

Sherman, William Tecumseh, 103–4,
108
, 130, 275