The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust (69 page)

34
Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewinowna,
Ten jest z Ojczyzny mojej
(‘He is my fellow countryman’), page 362.

35
Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewinowna,
Ten jest z Ojczyzny mojej
(‘He is my fellow countryman’), page 470.

36
Dr Norris N. Wallach, letters to the author of 29 May 1983 and 17 September 1984.

37
Interview by Dr Bronowski with Dr Nathan Wolk in Haifa, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 331.

38
Yehudis Pshenitse, ‘Wanderings of a Child’, Pinkas Novy-Dvor (Nowy Dwor memorial book), quoted in Jack Kugelmass and Jonathan Boyarin (translators and editors),
From a Ruined Garden: The Memorial Books of Polish Jewry
, pages 177–78.

39
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 5146.

40
Lisa Garbus, letter to the author, 21 November 2000.

41
Lisa Garbus, letter to the author, 21 November 2000.

42
Lisa Garbus, letter to the author, 10 January 2001.

43
Lisa Garbus, letter to the author, 22 September 2001.

44
Terry Hokenson, ‘Sabina Zimering Gets Students’ Undivided Attention’,
The Voice of Piotrkow Survivors
magazine, number 24, October–November 2001. Sabina Zimering was telling her story to Jewish 8th grade students in Minneapolis on 13 May 2001.

45
Suzan E. Hagstrom,
Sara’s Children
, pages 79–80.

46
Suzan E. Hagstrom, letter to the author, 22 March 2002.

47
Quoted in Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin,
Righteous Among Nations
, pages 599–600.

48
Testimony of Tadeusz Seweryn, in Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin,
Righteous Among Nations
, page 607.

49
Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin,
Righteous Among Nations
, pages 598–99.

50
Testimony of Raya Barnea (Weberman), written at Hadera, Israel, on 10 January 1982. Copy sent to the author by Raya Barnea’s son, 1985.

51
Information provided by Harvey Sarner (custodian of the Sarner Archive on the Righteous), in conversation with the author, 10 April 2001.

52
Recollections of Dana Schwartz (Dana Szapira) in conversation with the author, Simi Valley, 2 November 1985.

53
Dana Schwartz, in conversation with the author, 28 June 2002.

54
Joseph Kermish and Shmuel Krakowski (editors),
Emanuel Ringelblum: Polish–Jewish Relations during the Second World War
, page 138.

55
S. Zeminski, diary entry for 8 November 1942,
Biuletyn
(Warsaw), no. 27, 1958, pages 105–12; quoted in Joseph Kermish and Shmuel Krakowski (editors),
Emanuel Ringelblum: Polish-Jewish Relations during the Second World War
, page 138, n. 25.

56
Eugenia Schenker, letter to the author, 1 June 2001.

57
Letter to the author, 20 April 2001. Henry Herzog’s memoirs,…
And Heaven Shed No Tear
, were published in 1996.

1
Emanuel Ringelblum, diary, 19 November 1940, in Jacob Sloan (editor),
Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto: The Journal of Emanuel Ringelblum
, New York: Schocken Books, 1958.

2
Decree issued by the Governor of the Warsaw District, Dr Fischer, 10 November 1941.

3
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 1028.

4
David Wdowinski,
And We Are Not Saved
, page 68. Wdowinski adds: ‘But more often the Ukrainians were not so humanitarian. Indeed they took the watch, but they did not bring the water. They simply shot.’

5
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, files 2485, 2485a.

6
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 2314.

7
Letter of 8 May 2001 from Peter Dembowski, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 87.

8
Dr S. Margoshes, ‘Dr Felix Kanabus, Rescuer of Polish Jews, His Deeds of Heroism, Welcome!’,
News and Views
(New York), 7 September 1965. Kanabus was visiting the United States to attend the International Congress of Surgeons in Philadelphia.

9
Mordecai Paldiel, ‘Zabinski, Jan (b. 1897)’,
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
, volume 4, pages 1723–24.

10
Mordecai Paldiel, ‘Getter, Matylda (d. 1968)’,
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
, volume 2, pages 578–79.

11
Mordecai Paldiel, ‘Kowalski, Wladyslaw (1895–1971)’,
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
, volume 2, pages 828–99.

12
‘Alicja and Zofja Fajnsztejn…pose with their rescuers…’, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 82303.

13
Bianka Kraszewski, letter to the author, 15 August 2001.

14
William H. Donat, ‘Could I Still Be a Little Catholic Deep Inside?’,
Hidden Child
newsletter, Fall/Winter 1997.

15
Yisrael Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, 1939–1943
, page 265.

16
Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin,
Righteous Among Nations,
page 362. Bartoszewski was a member of the Council for Assistance to the Jews.

17
Zofia Kossak was recognized by Yad Vashem on 13 September 1982. Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 577.

18
Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert (editor),
Poles–Jews, 1939–1945
, pages 212–16.

19
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 29.

20
Etgar Lefkovits, ‘A Lifetime Friend Comes to Visit’,
Jerusalem Post
, 30 November 2000 (an article about Wladyslaw Bartoszewski, who was then Polish Foreign Minister).

21
‘Portrait of Irena Sendlerowa’, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 89130 (also 90079); Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 153.

22
‘Portrait of Julian Grobelny’, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 90063.

23
‘Portrait of Henryk Wolinski’, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 90065.

24
Irene Tomaszewski and Tecia Werbowski,
Zegota: The Council for Aid to Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942–45
, page 62.

25
‘Postwar portrait of Stanislaw Dobrowolski’, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 90068.

26
Adam Rysiewicz was an active member of the Council for Assistance to the Jews.

27
Maurycy Gelber, letter to Yad Vashem, 18 June 1980, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 1028.

28
Krzysztof Dunin-Wasowicz became a distinguished Polish historian, and an expert on the war years. In 1960, when he was a professor at the Catholic University of Lublin, I had several talks with him during his sabbatical at St Antony’s College, Oxford.

29
Tuvia Borzykowski,
Between Tumbling Walls
, diary entry for 19 May 1943, page 123.

30
Lorraine Justman-Wisnicki, ‘The Righteous of Nations: “Zegota”—the Council for Aid to Jews’, manuscript, sent to the author 20 August 2001.

31
Irene Tomaszewski and Tecia Webowski,
Zegota: The Council for Aid to Jews in Occupied Poland, 1942–45
.

32
Yisrael Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, 1939–1943
, page 265.

33
Allan Levine, ‘A boy’s gripping story of survival in wartime Warsaw,’
National Post
(Toronto), 23 September 2000.

34
Jerzy Lando, conversation with the author, 16 August 2001.

35
Jerzy Lando,
Saved By My Face: A True Story of Courage and Escape in War-Torn Poland
, pages 126–28; see also Mordecai Paldiel,
Saving the Jews
, pages 100–3.

36
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 3698. Josef Sack’s daughter later became a well-known Israeli novelist, Yonat Sened.

37
Zivia Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt
, page 165.

38
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 3698.

39
David Klin,
For Your Freedom and Ours
, page 77; Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 78.

40
Simcha Rotem, letter to Yad Vashem, 20 May 1964, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 78. Anna Wachalska and Maria Sawicka were among the first Poles to be honoured at Yad Vashem by the planting of a tree in the Avenue of the Righteous, on 27 April 1965. Yitzhak Zuckerman, one of the leaders of the Jewish Fighting Organization, was among those who submitted testimony on their behalf.

41
Lucjan Dobroszycki,
Survivors of the Holocaust in Poland
, pages 29–30.

42
‘Jacob Gutgeld, a Jewish child…in hiding’, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, file 01067; Gay Block and Malka Drucker,
Rescuers: Portraits of Moral Courage in the Holocaust
; Mordecai Paldiel,
The Path of the Righteous
, pages 225–27.

43
‘The Seven from Promyka Street’, a reminiscence of Dr Stanislaw Switala,
Biuletyn
(Warsaw), nos 65–66, pages 207–8.

44
Michael Zylberberg,
A Warsaw Diary, 1939–1945
, pages 87–88.

45
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 2398.

46
Information provided by Jan Hoser, letter of 11 June 1997, based on the unpublished history of All Saints Church.

47
Letter of 12 May 1984, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 2466. After receiving affidavits from nineteen Jews who were saved as a result of the efforts of the Potrzebowski family, on 6 June 1984 Yad Vashem recognized Jan Potrzebowski, his wife Natalia, and their daughters Helena (Klepacka-Donalis) and Krystyna (Koslowska) as Righteous Among the Nations.

48
Yitzhak Zuckerman (‘Antek’),
A Surplus of Memory: Chronicle of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
, edited by Barbara Harshav, page 389, note 16.

49
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 3136. In 1956 Helena Balicka-Kozlowska published her memoirs,
Mur mial dwie strony
(‘The wall has two sides’). I was shown it during my first visit to Warsaw three years later.

50
‘Presentation by Consul-General Ehud Lador’, 9 October 1980, Embassy of Israel press release.

51
Yitzhak Zuckerman,
A Surplus of Memory
, page 421.

52
Yitzhak Zuckerman,
A Surplus of Memory
, page 486.

53
Bernard Goldstein,
The Stars Bear Witness
, page 213.

54
Bernard Goldstein,
The Stars Bear Witness
, page 216.

55
Bernard Goldstein,
The Stars Bear Witness
, page 217.

56
Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin,
Righteous Among Nations
, page 176.

57
Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin,
Righteous Among Nations
, page 180.

58
Joseph Kermish and Shmuel Krakowski (editors),
Emanuel Ringelblum: Polish–Jewish Relations during the Second World War
, page xxx.

59
Joseph Kermish and Shmuel Krakowski (editors),
Emanuel Ringelblum: Polish–Jewish Relations during the Second World War
, pages 247–49.

60
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Gentiles Archive, file 4990.

61
Vladka Meed,
On Both Sides of the Wall
, page 205.

62
Vladka Meed,
On Both Sides of the Wall
, page 290.