Read The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany Online
Authors: William L. Shirer
Operations (code names):
Aida,
913
Alpine Violets,
821
Attila,
820–21
Bernhard,
519
fn
.
Black (
Schwarz
),
1000
Citadel,
1006
Dynamo,
735
Eagle (
Adlerangriffe
),
774–75
Flash,
1018–21
Hercules,
913
Himmler,
518
Isabella,
817
Punishment,
826
Student,
1000
Sunflower,
821
Typhoon,
859
Winter Gale,
927
Oppeln,
519
Oradour-sur-Glane,
993
Oran,
923
Order Castles (
Ordensburgen
),
255
Ordnertruppe
,
42
Orleans,
1085
Orne river,
1038
Oshima, Gen. Hiroshi,
872
,
885
,
887–88
,
889
,
890
,
891
,
893
,
895
,
896
Oskar, Prince of Prussia,
907
Oskarsborg,
702–3
Oslo,
614
fn
.,
639
,
676
,
677
,
681
,
695
,
697
,
698
,
701
,
702–3
,
704
,
705
,
708
,
709
fn
.,
710
,
721
“Oslo” powers,
561
Ostend,
770
Oster, Col. Hans,
374
,
380
,
381
,
405
,
406–7
,
558
,
563
,
596
,
648–51
,
652
,
654
,
694
,
715–16
,
846
fn
.,
904
,
1017
,
1024
,
1073
Osthilfe (Eastern Relief),
180
,
181
“Ostiand,”
832
Ott, Gen. Eugen,
173
,
174
,
877
,
878
,
884
,
886
,
889
,
893
fn
.
Otto, Crown Prince, of Austria,
304
,
333–34
,
335
“Otto” (Code name),
810
;
see also
Case
Otto
Oumansky, Constantine,
544
fn
.,
843
Oven, Margarete von,
1035
Pacholegg, Anton,
985
Pact of Steel,
482–84
,
511
fn
.,
553
,
556
,
565
,
603
Paderewski, Ignace,
784
Palatinate,
1101
Pan-American Neutrality Patrol,
880
Pan-German Nationalists (Austrian),
22–25
Papen, Franz von,
3
,
4
,
56
fn
.,
167
,
169
,
170–75
,
189
,
191
,
192
,
196
,
216
,
227–29
,
234
,
321
fn
.,
357
,
1126
; background,
164–66
; intrigues with and against Hitler,
177–84
; named Vice-Chancellor and Prussian Premier,
183–86
; booted out of Prussian premiership,
204
; protests Nazi excesses,
215
,
218
,
219
; escapes purge,
222
,
223
; minister to Austria,
229
,
280
,
296
,
319
; role in Anschluss,
323–33
,
338
,
342
,
343
,
348
; acquitted at Nuremberg,
1142–43
Paris,
177
,
404
,
420
,
423
,
425
,
430
,
436–37
,
487
,
595
,
726
,
738
,
741
,
760
,
794
,
945
,
1054
,
1060
,
1074–75
,
1085
Paris Peace Conference,
359
Parsifal
(Wagner),
103
“Party Rally of Peace,”
467
,
518
,
562
Pastors’ Emergency League,
238
Patch, Gen. Alexander,
1086
Patria
, S.S.,
377
Patriotic Front,
338
Patton, Gen. George S.,
1076
,
1085
,
1086
,
1089
,
1093
,
1094
,
1101
,
1102
Paul, Prince Regent of Yugoslavia,
823
Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich,
830
,
840
,
909
,
918
fn
.,
919
,
926–27
,
929–34
,
1014–15
Pearl Harbor,
870
,
887
,
888
,
891
,
892
,
893
,
894
,
896
,
899
,
901
fn
.
peasants, German,
91–94
,
236
,
256–57
Pechel, Rudolf,
558
Peenemunde,
1009
Peiper, Col. Jochen,
1095
fn
.
Peipus, Lake,
1052
Pemsel, Maj. Gen. Max,
1038
,
1039
People’s Court (Volksgericht),
269
,
375
,
1023
,
1025
fn
.,
1060
fn
.,
1068
,
1070–71
,
1072
,
1073
,
1074
,
1076–77
,
1079
,
1080
People’s Marine Division,
54
,
55
People’s Party, Bavarian,
see
Bavarian People’s Party
People’s Party, German,
see
German People’s Party
Pershing, Gen. John J.,
750
fn
.
Persia,
see
Iran
Perth, Lord,
408
Pertinax (André Géraud),
390
,
424
fn
.
Pétain, Marshal Henri Philippe,
643
fn
.,
737
,
738
,
741
,
745–46
,
747
,
812
,
814–15
,
923–24
Peter, King of Yugoslavia,
823
,
826
Peters, Dr. Gerhard,
972
Petersberg,
391
Petersdorff, Captain von,
942
Petzel, Gen. Walter,
557
Pfaffenberger, Andreas,
984
Philip, Prince of Hesse,
146
,
336
,
343
,
352
,
984
fn
.,
1003
Picasso, Pablo,
244
Piedmont,
554
Pierlot, Hubert,
729
Piffraeder, Oberfuehrer,
1061
Pilsudski, Marshal Józef,
209
,
213
,
458
Pinder, Professor,
251
Pitman, Key,
478
fn
.
Pittsburgh, Pa.,
358
Pius XI, Pope
235
Pius XII, Pope (Eugenio Pacelli),
234
,
561
,
648
,
693
,
747
,
1024
Plettenberg, Countess Elizabeth von,
1026
Ploen,
1134
Ploesti,
1085
Poehner, Ernst,
71
Poelzl, Klara,
see
Hitler, Klara Poelzl
Poetsch, Dr. Leopold,
13
Pohl, Dr. Emil,
974
Poincaré, Raymond,
61
Poland,
41
,
84
,
209
,
211
,
282
,
283
,
359
,
466
fn
.,
639–43
,
657
,
692
,
693
,
710
; created by Versailles Treaty,
58
,
458–59
; nonaggression pact with Hitler,
212–13
,
286
; relations with France,
212–13
,
295
,
299
,
306
,
426–27
,
457
,
458
; German plans for war with,
304
,
437
,
463
,
467–69
,
484–89
,
491
,
494
,
496–99
,
507–11
,
513
,
515–21
,
525–32
,
542
,
556–57
,
565
,
589–91
; policy toward Czechs,
362
,
368
,
377
,
387–88
,
417
fn
.,
421
; toward Russia,
377
,
457
,
459
,
460
,
464
,
469
,
478
,
495
,
460
,
536–37
,
543
; Hitler demands
461
, Danzig and Corridor,
455–61
,
462
,
463–71
,
499
,
500
; British, French
463
, representations in support of,
464
,
464–66
,
469
,
472
,
495
,
504
,
465
,
506
,
516–17
,
533–38
,
545–51
,
466
,
556–57
,
562
,
568–89
,
591–93
,
467
,
600–2
,
604–20
,
634
; Nazi–Soviet
468
, talks on partition of,
482
,
501
,
469
,
505
,
515–21
,
541–44
,
562
; Italy refuses to enter war against,
551
—57,
564–68
,
603–4
; German propaganda campaign against,
563–64
,
575–76
,
593–95
; German invasion and conquest of,
597
,
600
,
603
,
619–20
,
625–27
,
632
,
633
,
635
,
714–15
,
719
,
720
,
838
,
1124
; Russian invasion of,
626–32
,
639
; German occupation of,
659–65
,
687
,
782
,
796
,
799
,
808
,
832
,
839
,
842
,
904
,
937
,
938
,
944
,
945
,
947–48
,
950
,
956–58
,
964–68
,
974–79
,
993
,
1009
fn
.,
1139
,
1143
; liberation,
1007
,
1041
,
1090
,
1096–97
Polish Army,
462
,
469
,
472
,
520
,
536–37
,
542
,
557
,
620
,
621
,
625
,
626
,
633–35
,
708
Polish Corridor,
212
,
455
,
457
,
461
,
462
,
464
,
465
,
471
,
497
,
509
,
546
,
563
,
569
,
572–73
,
575
,
576
,
577
,
582
,
583
,
608–9
,
625
Polish Navy,
695
Political Workers’ Circle,
36
Pomerania (Pomorze),
458
,
460
,
497
,
625
Popitz, Johannes,
373
,
659
,
670
,
846
fn
.,
904
,
907
,
908
,
1017
,
1023
,
1072