The Root of Thought (27 page)

all-or-nothing phenomenon,
3

astrocyte-to-neuron ratio

of Albert Einstein,
101–108

in psychiatric disorders,
115–116

basal ganglia,
124

communication between,
3

corpus callosum,
81

dependent nature of,
39

effect of environment on neuronal wiring,
72

electrical conductance,
24
.
See also
electrophysiology

glia-to-neuron ratio and corresponding behavior,
1–2

in amphibians,
36

in birds,
36

in cephalopods,
36

in flatworms,
35

in insects,
35

in jellyfish,
35

in leeches,
35

in mammals,
36–37

glutamate-mediated astrocyte-neuron signaling

astrocyte influence on axon outgrowth,
62–63

glutamate concentration in astrocytes,
60

overview,
55–59

release of transmitters from astrocytes,
60–62

Hebbian philosophy of neuronal plasticity,
73

importance of,
1

motor neurons,
31

Neuron Doctrine,
12

weaknesses of,
38–39

overview,
30–31

Purkinje cells,
30

refractory period,
24

sensory neurons,
31

substantia nigra,
123

synapses,
100
,
157

neuroscientific concepts, history of,
5–13

nicotine,
116

Nobilli, Leopold,
20

Nottebohm, Fernando,
85
,
89–91

octopi, glia-to-neuron ratio in,
36

oligodendrocytes,
32

gap juntions with astrocytes,
47

prenatal development,
69

open head injury

primary injury,
134

research models,
140–141

secondary degeneration of brain cells,
135

The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory
(Hebb),
37

Orkland, Richard K.,
55

oxidative stress,
126

oxytocin, influence of glia on oxytocin levels,
62

parietal cortex,
38

Parkinson, James,
122

Parkinson’s Disease

Deep Brain Stimulation treatment,
124

identification of,
122

loss of
substantia nigra
in,
123

mutations in alpha-synuclein observed in,
125

Parpura, Vladimir,
56

passive imagination,
114

patellar reflex,
30

Paterniti, Michael,
110

Pavlov, Ivan,
80

Penfield, Wilder,
25
,
37
,
81

Pfrieger, Frank W.,
62

physical conduction of electricity.
See
electrophysiology

plasticity,
73
,
79

The Poem of Hashish
(Baudelaire),
111

polyopic heautoscopy,
151

Positron Emission Tomography,
38

potassium ions, electric potential of,
21

prenatal brain development,
65–66
,
69–71

processes,
8

psilocybin,
118

psychiatric disorders,
115–116

psychological experiments on memory,
79–80

Purkinje, Jan,
30

Purkinje cells,
30

Quincey, Thomas de,
118

radial glia,
66–67

Rakic, Pasko,
66

rats, ratio of glia to neurons in,
2

recreational drugs,
116–119

recurring dreams,
113

Reese, Thomas S.,
47

reflexive learning,
80

refractory period,
24

regenerative ability of astrocytes,
72–74

regenerative ability of glia,
2

Remak, Robert,
8

Restoration of Function after Brain Injury
(Luria),
134

retinal glia cells (Müller cells),
31

right brain,
26

Ringer, Sydney,
44

Roosevelt, Franklin,
104

Roosevelt, Teddy,
136

Rothstein, Jeffrey,
126

schizophrenia,
116

Schleich, Carl Ludwig,
11

Schulte, Max,
33

Schwann, Theodore,
32

Schwann cells,
32

Seinfeld, Jerry,
136

sensitization,
83

sensory deprivation,
114

sensory neurons,
31

serotonin,
116

serotonin reuptake inhibitors,
116

Shelley, Mary,
20

Shelley, Percy Bysshe,
20

Sherrington, Charles Scott,
23

short-versus long-term memory,
79–80

signals

calcium waves,
156

calcium as a cellular regulator,
43–46

calcium ion influx,
3

calcium puffs,
49–51

calcium signaling,
47–52

curvilinear pattern of movement,
48–50

dreams as evidence of,
111–114

effect of marijuana on,
117–118

extracellular versus intracellular calcium,
46

internal calcium stores,
46

glutamate-mediated astrocyte-neuron signaling

astrocyte influence on axon outgrowth,
62–63

glutamate concentration in astrocytes,
60

overview,
55–59

release of transmitters from astrocytes,
60–62

Simonides,
86

Snowdon, David,
108

sodium ions, electric potential of,
21

songbirds, ability to learn to new songs,
85

Sonic Hedge Hog,
48

Sperry, Roger,
26

squid, glia-to-neuron ratio in,
36

substantia nigra,
123

Sugimoto, Kenji,
106

susceptibility to degenerative diseases of brain,
2–3

synapses,
23
,
157

synaptic elimination process,
100

synaptogenesis,
70
,
82

Szilard, Leo,
103

tanycytes,
32

thymidine,
84

toxins, ability to block astrocytic release of transmitters,
60

transmitters, release from astrocytes,
60–62

Tretiakoff, Konstantin,
123

tripartite synapse theory,
58

tumors.
See
gliomas

Tyson, Mike,
155

vasopressin, influence of glia on,
62

Virchow, Rudolf,
7
,
31

visual cortex,
38
,
72

Volta, Alessendro,
18–19

voltaic pile,
19

Waldeyer, Gottfried von,
12

Wallerian degeneration,
139

Walsh, John,
16

Weigert, Carl,
12

Whitman, Walt,
23

Wiesel, Torsten,
72

withdrawal,
116

Zimmerman, Harry,
102