The Russian Revolution (31 page)

20. On the wives' movement, see Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, 156-63. Note that the old emancipation messages, including resistance to the oppression of husbands, were still endorsed with regard to `backward' women (peasants, national minorities), and women's work remained an important value, even though certain elite women might chose the volunteer role instead.

21. See Sarah Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia (Cambridge, 1997), 138-44.

22. On elite privileges, see Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, 99-109.

23. Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed, 102-5; Molotov Remembers, 272-3.

24. Milovan Djilas, The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System (London, 1966); Robert C. Tucker, Stalin in Power (New York, 1990), 319-24.

25. For an elaboration of this point, see Sheila Fitzpatrick, `Becoming Cultured: Socialist Realism and the Representation of Privilege and Taste', in Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front, 216-37.

26. See `New Conditions-New Tasks in Economic Construction' (23 June 1931) in Stalin, Works, xiii. 53-82.

27. Thomas Carlyle, The French Revolution (London, 1906), ii. 362.

28. J. Arch Getty and Oleg V. Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932-1939 (New Haven, 1999) 250-5.

29. These trials are vividly described in Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties (London, 1968), updated as The Great Terror: A Reassessment (New York, 199o).

30. Molotov, in Bol'shevik, 1937 no. 8 (15 Apr.), 21-2.

31. For materials from the plenum, see Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 369-411.

32. Khrushchev Remembers, trans. and ed. Strobe Talbott (Boston, 1970), 572; Graeme Gill, The Origins of the Stalinist Political System (Cambridge, 1990), 278.

33. Politburo resolution of 2 July 1937, `On Anti-Soviet Elements', signed by Stalin, and operational order of 30 July signed by Ezhov (head of the NKVD), in Getty and Naumov, Road to Terror, 470-1.

34. Figures from Oleg V. Khlevnyuk, The History of the Gulag: From Collectivization to the Great Terror (New Haven, 2004), 305, 308, and 310-12. Note that these figures are for labour camps only: they do not include labour colonies, prisons, and administrative exile.

35. Eikhe, in discussion at Feb.-Mar. plenum of the Central Committee, Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial'no-politicheskoi informatsii (RGASPI), f. 17, op. 2, d. 612, 1. 16.

36. On denunciations, see Fitzpatrick, Stalin's Peasants, Ch. 9, and idem, Tear off the Masks!, Chs. 11 and 12.

37. Zvezda (Dnepropetrovsk), 1 Aug. 1937, 3; Krest yanskaia pravda (Leningrad), 9 Aug. 1937, 4.

38. On Ezhov's decline and fall, see Marc Jansen and Nikita Petrov, Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895-1940 (Stanford, 2002), 139-93, 207-8.

39. J. Stalin, Report on the Work of the Central Committee to the Eighteenth Congress of the C.P.S. U1B.I (Moscow, 1939), 47-8.

40. Volkogonov, Stalin, 260, 279.

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