The Sleepwalkers (114 page)

182
. Buchanan to Nicolson, St Petersburg, 16 April 1914,
BD
, vol. 10/2, doc. 538, pp. 784–5.

183
. Nicolson to Goschen, 15 April 1912, ibid., vol. 6, doc. 575, p. 747; Steiner,
Foreign Office
, p. 131; see also Wilson,
The Policy of the Entente
, p. 78; Zara S. Steiner, ‘The Foreign Office under Sir Edward Grey', in Francis Harry Hinsley (ed.),
British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey
(Cambridge, 1977), pp. 22–69, here p. 45.

184
. Williamson,
Politics of Grand Strategy
, pp. 108–14, 167–204.

185
. Eyre Crowe minute to Buchanan to Grey, St Petersburg, 24 July 1914,
BD
, vol. 11, doc. 101, pp. 80–82, here p. 82.

186
. Isabel V. Hull,
Absolute Destruction. Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany
(Ithaca, 2005), pp. 160–81; Mombauer,
Helmuth von Moltke
, pp. 102, 105, 164–7, 225.

187
. Alfred von Tirpitz,
Erinnerungen
(Leipzig, 1920), pp. 241–2.

188
. Note presented on 2 August at 7 p.m. by M. Below Saleske to M. Davignon, [Belgian] Minister of Foreign Affairs, cutting from the Belgian ‘Grey Book' in TNA, FO 371/1910 (2 August 1914) viewed online at
http:// www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/first_world_war/p_ ultimatum.htm.

189
. Jean Stengers, ‘Belgium', in Wilson (ed.),
Decisions for War,
pp. 151–74.

190
. Ibid.; reply of the Belgian government to the German ultimatum, 3 August 1914 at 7 a.m., in Hugh Gibson,
A Journal from Our Legation in Belgium
(New York, 1917), p. 19.

191
. Stengers, ‘Belgium', pp. 161, 162.

192
. Gibson,
A Journal
, p. 15.

193
. Stengers, ‘Belgium', p. 163.

194
. Gibson,
A Journal
, p. 22.

195
. Cited in Stengers, ‘Belgium', p. 164.

196
. Maurice Paléologue, diary entry 1 August 1914,
An Ambassador's Memoirs 1914–1917
, trans. Frederick A. Holt (London, 1973), pp. 38–9.

197
. Prince Max von Lichnowsky,
My Mission to London
,
1912–1914
(London, 1918), p. 28.

198
. Gibson,
A Journal
, p. 21.

199
. Bernd F. Schulte, ‘Neue Dokumente zu Kriegsausbruch und Kriegsverlauf 1914',
Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen
, 25 (1979), pp. 123–85, here p. 140.

200
. Report from Colonel Ignatiev, 30 July 1914, RGVIA, Fond 15304 – Upravlenie Voennogo Agenta vo Frantsii, op. 2, d. 16 – Reports and communications made with special notebooks, l. 38.

201
. Cited in Hew Strachan,
The First World War
(Oxford, 2001), p. 103.

202
. V. I. Gurko,
Cherty i Siluety Proshlogo, Pravitel'stvo i Obschchestvennost' v Tsarstvovanie Nikolaya II Izobrazhenii Sovremennika
(Moscow, 2000), p. 651.

203
. W. Mansell Merry,
Two Months in Russia: July–September 1914
(Oxford, 1916), pp. 76–7.

204
. Thus Richard Cobb's summary of the impressions recorded in Roger Martin du Gard,
L'Été 1914
(4 vols., Paris, 1936–1940), in Cobb, ‘France and the Coming of War', in Evans and Pogge von Strandmann (eds.),
The Coming of the First World War
, pp. 125–44, here p. 137.

205
. Strachan,
The First World War
, pp. 103–62, esp. p. 153; on draft riots in Russia, see Joshua Sanborn, ‘The Mobilization of 1914 and the Question of the Russian Nation',
Slavic Review
, 59/2 (2000), pp. 267–89.

206
. Neiberg,
Dance of the Furies
, p. 128.

207
. Gibson, diary entry 2 August in id.,
A Journal
, p. 8.

208
. See Adrian Gregory,
The Last Great War. British Society and the First World War
(Cambridge, 2008), esp. pp. 9–39; id., ‘British War Enthusiasm: A Reassessment', in Gail Braybon (ed.),
Evidence, History and the Great War. Historians and the Impact of 1914–18
(Oxford, 2003), pp. 67–85; for an extraordinarily textured account of reactions to the news of war in provincial France, see Becker,
1914: Comment les français
, pp. 277–309; id.,
L'Année 14
(Paris, 2004), pp. 149–153; Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau and Annette Becker,
1914–1918
:
Understanding the Great War,
trans. Catherine Temerson (London, 2002), p. 95; on the ‘shock, sadness and consternation' with which most people greeted the news of war, see Leonard V. Smith, Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau and Annette Becker,
France and the Great War
(Cambridge, 2003), pp. 27–9; P. J. Flood,
France 1914–1918: Public Opinion and the War Effort
(Basingstoke, 1990), pp. 5–33; Jeffrey Verhey,
The Spirit of 1914. Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany
(Cambridge, 2000), pp. 231–6.

209
. Sanborn, ‘Mobilization of 1914', p. 272.

210
. Thus the account provided by the ‘
instituteur
' of the village, cited in Flood,
France 1914–1918
, p. 7.

211
. Stephen Graham,
Russia and the World
(New York, 1915), pp. 2–3, cited in Leonid Heretz,
Russia on the Eve of Modernity. Popular Religion and Traditional Culture under the Last Tsars
(Cambridge, 2008), p. 195. Many Russian memoirs record confusion about the identity of the enemy, see Bertram Wolfe, ‘War Comes to Russia',
Russian Review
, 22/2 (1963), esp. pp. 126–9.

1
. Rebecca West,
Black Lamb and Grey Falcon. A Journey Through Yugoslavia
(London, 1955), p. 350.

2
. The memoir is that of Prince B. A. Vasil'chiko, discussed in D. C. B. Lieven, ‘Bureaucratic Authoritarianism in Late Imperial Russia: The Personality, Career and Opinions of P. N. Durnovo',
The Historical Journal
, 26/2 (1983), pp. 391–402.

3
. See, for example, Mark Hewitson,
Germany and the Causes of the First World War
(Oxford, 2006), pp. 3–4. On Fischer's thesis as a form of personal engagement with the contaminating legacy of Nazism, see Klaus Grosse Kracht, ‘Fritz Fischer und der deutsche Protestantismus',
Zeitschrift für neuere Theologiegeschichte
, 10/2 (2003), pp. 224–52; Rainer Nicolaysen, ‘Rebell wider Willen? Fritz Fischer und die Geschichte eines nationalen Tabubruchs', in Rainer Nicolaysen and Axel Schildt (eds.),
100 Jahre Geschichtswissenschaft in Hamburg
(
Hamburger Beiträge zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte
, vol. 18) (Berlin/Hamburg, 2011), pp. 197–236.

4
. Paul Kennedy,
The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism
(London, 1980), p. 467.

5
. See Paul W. Schroeder, ‘Embedded Counterfactuals and World War I as an Unavoidable War', p. 42; for a powerful analysis that interprets the war as the unintended outcome of errors committed by a political elite that viewed a general war as a catastrophic outcome, see Gian Enrico Rusconi,
Rischio 1914. Come si decide una guerra
(Bologna, 1987).

6
. Short-war thesis: Gerhard Ritter,
Der Schlieffenplan. Kritik eines Mythos
(Munich, 1965); Lancelot Farrar,
The Short War Illusion. German Policy, Strategy and Domestic Affairs, August–December 1914
(Santa Barbara, 1973); Stephen Van Evera, ‘The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War',
International Security
, 9 (1984), pp. 397–419; critique: Stig Förster, ‘Der deutsche Generalstab und die Illusion des kurzen Krieges, 1871–1914: Metakritik eines Mythos',
Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen
, 54 (1995), pp. 61–95; excellent commentary on the debate: Holger H. Herwig, ‘Germany and the “Short-War” Illusion: Toward a New Interpretation?',
Journal of Military History
, 66/3, pp. 681–93.

7
. Cited in Herwig, ‘Germany and the “Short-War” Illusion', p. 686.

8
. ‘Horace Blanchon' (pseud.), ‘Académie de Médecine',
Le Figaro
, 5 March 1913, cutting in NA Archief, 2.05,03, doc. 648, Correspondentie over de Balkan-oorlog.