The Sorrows of Empire (58 page)

1
. Hannah Arendt,
The Origins of Totalitarianism
(New York: Meridian Books, 1958), p. 125.

2
. World Trade Organization,
Annual Report 1998: International Trade Statistics
(Geneva: WTO, 1998), p. 12. Quoted in Walden Bello,
The Future in the Balance
(Oakland, Calif.: Food First Books, 2001), p. 36.

3
. Bruce R. Scott, “The Great Divide in the Global Village,”
Foreign Affairs
80:1 (January/February 2001), p. 160.

4
. Manfred B. Steger,
Globalism: The New Market Ideology
(Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), pp. 12–13.

5
. For a sunny argument that globalization will undercut the state and usher in a period of lasting peace, see Richard N. Rosecrance,
The Rise of the Virtual State: Wealth and Power in the Coming Century
(New York: Basic Books, 2000).

6
. Steger,
Globalism,
p. 54.

7
. Bill Clinton, “Remarks by the President on Foreign Policy,” invitation-only address in San Francisco, February 26, 1999; and Sonya Ross, “Clinton Talks of Better Living,” Associated Press, October 15, 1997. Quoted in Steger,
Globalism,
p. 55.

8
. See Bush’s press conference after the April 22, 2001, Summit of the Americas in Quebec. Also see Maude Barlow,
The Free Trade Area of the Americas: The Threat to Social Programs, Environmental Sustain-ability and Social Justice
(San Francisco: International Forum on Globalization, 2001).

9
. Oswaldo de Rivero,
The Myth of Development
(London: Zed Books, 2001), p. 138.

10
. Ibid., p. 22.

11
. Harvey Cox, “The Market as God: Living in the New Dispensation,”
Atlantic Monthly,
March 1999, pp. 18–23.

12
. Arendt,
Origins of Totalitarianism,
p. 209. On the racism and genocide of the British Empire, see Sven Lindquist,
Exterminate All the Brutes
(New York: New Press, 1996).

13
. Joseph E. Stiglitz, “A Fair Deal for the World,”
New York Review of Books,
May 23, 2002, p. 24. Also see Stiglitz,
Globalization and Its Discontents
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2002).

14
. De Rivero,
Myth of Development,
pp. 3, 9, 24.

15
. Quoted in Ha-Joon Chang,
Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective
(London: Anthem Press, 2002). Chang is a professor of economics at Cambridge University.

16
. On how Japan became the world’s second most productive economy, see Chalmers Johnson,
MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of
Industrial Policy, 1925–1975
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982); Linda Weiss,
The Myth of the Powerless State
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); and Meredith Woo-Cumings, ed.,
The Developmental State
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999).

17
. De Rivero,
Myth of Development,
p. 109; Ted C. Fishman, “Making a Killing: The Myth of Capital’s Good Intentions,”
Harper’s,
August 2002, p. 34.

18
. Thomas Ferguson, “Blowing Smoke: Impeachment, the Clinton Presidency, and the Political Economy,” in William J. Crotty, ed.,
The State of Democracy in America
(Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2001), p. 233. On the workings of the IMF and the World Bank, see William Finnegan, “The Economics of Empire: Notes on the Washington Consensus,”
Harper’s,
May 2003, pp. 41–54.

19
. Nicholas Guyatt,
Another American Century? The United States and the World after 2000
(London: Zed Books, 2000), p. 8.

20
. Bello,
Future in the Balance,
p. 49.

21
. John Madeley,
Hungry for Trade: How the Poor Pay for Free Trade
(London: Zed Books, 2000), p. 58; Guyatt,
Another American Century?,
pp. 12, 37.

22
. Lawrence Summers, “The Memo,” <
http://www.whirledbank.org/ourwords/summers.html
>. Also see Jonathan R. Pincus and Jeffrey A. Winters, eds.,
Reinventing the World Bank
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), pp. 13–14.

23
. Jeffrey E. Garten, “The Root of the Problem,”
Newsweek,
March 31, 1997. Quoted by Guyatt,
Another American Century?,
p. 185. Also see Garten, “Business and Foreign Policy,”
Foreign Affairs
76:5 (1997), pp. 67–79.

24
. Bello,
Future in the Balance,
p. 52.

25
. Ibid., p. 51.

26
. Ibid., p. xiv.

27
. Ibid., pp. 45,69; Steve Schifferes, “Doha Trade Deal Unraveling,” BBC News, November 10, 2002.

28
. Stiglitz, “Fair Deal for the World,” p. 28.

29
. See “WTO Pact on Generic Drugs Blocked by U.S.,”
Financial Times,
December 21–22, 2002; and Nicola Bullard, “Is the WTO Collapsing
under Its Own Ambitions?”
Focus on Trade,
no. 82 (December 2002). For the WTO agreement weakening patent protection on drugs, see World Trade Organization, Doha, Qatar, WTO Ministerial, 2001, “Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health,” November 14, 2001.

30
. Andrew Pollack, “Widely Used Crop Herbicide Is Losing Weed Resistance,”
New York Times,
January 14, 2003.

31
. Madeley,
Hungry for Trade,
pp. 100–03.

32
. The most comprehensive treatment of these complex issues is Edith Terry,
How Asia Got Rich
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2002).

33
. Thomas L. Friedman,
The Lexus and the Olive Tree
(New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1999), pp. 112–13.

34
. Fishman, “Making a Killing,” p. 41, n. 10; David Hale, “Will Argentina Recover without the IMF?” Zurich Financial Services, December 20, 2002. Hale is chief economist for Zurich Financial Services.

35
. De Rivero,
Myth of Development,
p. 17.

36
. Robert Naiman (Center for Economic and Policy Research), “Secrecy at the IFIs [international financial institutions],”
Progressive Response
5:38 (November 13, 2001); and Bello,
Future in the Balance,
pp. 28–29.

37
.
Focus on Trade,
January 2002; and James Harding, “Globalizations Children Strike Back,”
Financial Times,
September 11, 2001.

38
. Robert B. Zoellick, “American Trade Leadership: What Is at Stake?” Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC, September 24, 2001.

39
. Thomas Friedman, “Senseless in Seattle,”
New York Times,
December 1,1999; and Peter Wahl, “European Social Forum,”
Focus on Trade,
no. 83 (December 2002).

40
. See J. Bradford DeLong, “The Meltzer Report,” <
http://www.j-bradford-delong.net/TotW/meltzer.html
>; Christian Weller, “Meltzer Report Misses the Mark: Commission’s Recommendations for World Bank, IMF Need Further Consideration,” Economic Policy Institute, Issue Brief 141, April 13, 2000 ; and Bello,
Future in the Balance,
pp. xiv, 60.

41
. Shihoko Goto, “Argentina’s Menem Says Woes Not His Fault,”
Washington Times,
June 12, 2002.

42
. See the important analysis of John Feffer, “Militarization in the Age of Globalization,”
Foreign Policy in Focus,
November 6, 2001. Also see William Pfaff, “Bush Team’s Military Focus Is Skewing U.S. Foreign Policy,”
International Herald Tribune,
June 30, 2001.

43
. David Lague, “Gripes over U.S. Grip on Arms Trade,”
Far Eastern Economic Review,
September 26, 2002; Kim Kwang-tae, “U.S. to Ditch Korea’s Weapons Integration if It Buys Non-U.S. Aircraft in F-X Plan,”
Korea Times,
July 22, 2001; Hwang Jang-jin, “Boeing F-15K, with GE Engine, Wins Deal Worth $4.46 Billion,”
Korea Now,
May 4, 2002, p. 24.

44
. Larry Rohter, “Jet Purchase Splits Brazil: New Leader Wants Voice,”
New York Times,
November 29, 2002.

45
. Larry Rohter, “Brazil: U.S. Offers Missiles,”
New York Times,
May 24, 2002; Raymond Colitt, “Lula to Use Defense Funds in Famine Fight,”
Financial Times,
January 4–5, 2003.

46
. Michelle Ciarrocca, “Post 9/11 Economic Windfalls for Arms Manufacturers,”
Foreign Policy in Focus
7:10 (September 2002).

47
. Gwyn Kirk and Margo Okazawa-Rey, “Neoliberalism, Militarism, and Armed Conflict,”
Social Justice
27:4 (Winter 2000), p. 9; Charles M. Sennott, “Arms Deal Criticized as Corporate U.S. Welfare,”
Boston Globe,
January 14, 2003.

48
. Karen Talbot, “The Real Reasons for War in Yugoslavia: Backing Up Globalization with Military Might,”
Social Justice 27:?
(Winter 2000), p. 100.

49
. William Greider, “The End of Empire,”
Nation,
September 23, 2002.

1
. Madeleine Bunting, “Beginning of the End: The U.S. Is Ignoring an Important Lesson from History—That an Empire Cannot Survive on Brute Force Alone,”
Guardian,
February 3, 2003.

2
. “Bush’s United States Military Academy Graduation Speech,”
Washington Post,
June 2, 2002; and “Full Text: Bush’s National Security Strategy,”
New York Times,
September 20, 2002.

3
. Ewen MacAskill, “Up to 50 States Are on Blacklist, Says Cheney,”
Guardian,
November 17, 2001; James Doran, “Terror War Must Target 60 Nations, Says Bush,”
Times
(London), June 3, 2002.

4
. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., “Good Foreign Policy a Casualty of War,”
Los Angeles Times,
March 23, 2003.

5
. Cf. William Pfaff, “Al Qaeda vs. the White House,”
International Herald Tribune,
December 28, 2002; Pfaff, “Religiosity and Foreign Policy: When Power Disdains Realism,”
International Herald Tribune,
February 3, 2003; Anatol Lieven, “The Push for War,”
London Review of Books,
October 3, 2002; and Jack Beatty, “In the Name of God,”
Atlantic Monthly,
March 5, 2003.

6
. Stanley Hoffmann, “The High and the Mighty,”
American Prospect
13:24 (January 13, 2003).

7
. Immanuel Wallerstein, “The Righteous War,” Commentary no. 107, University of Binghamton, February 15, 2003.

8
. Letter of John Brady Kiesling,
New York Times,
February 27, 2003.

9
. Tom Barry, “The U.S. Power Complex: What’s New?”
Foreign Policy in Focus,
Special Report, November 2002, η. 11.

10
. See chapter 6 above; and Madhavee Inamdar, “Global Vigilance in a Global Village: U.S. Expands Its Military Bases,”
Progressive Response
6:41 (December 31, 2002).

11
. William M. Arkin, “The Best Defense,”
Los Angeles Times,
July 14, 2002; “War Designed to Test New Weapons: Interview with Vladimir Slipchenko,”
Rossiyskaya Gazeta,
February 22, 2003, <
http://globalresearch.ca/articles/SLI303A.html
>.

12
. John A. Gentry, “Doomed to Fail: America’s Blind Faith in Military Technology,”
Parameters,
Winter 2002–03, pp. 88–103. Also see Mike Davis, “Slouching toward Baghdad,”
Tomdispatch.com,
February 26, 2003. For the computer crash of January 2000, see James Bamford,
Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency
(New York: Anchor Books, 2002), pp. 451–53.

13
. Gentry, “Doomed to Fail,” p. 99.

14
. Jason Vest, “The Army’s Empire Skeptics,”
Nation,
March 3, 2003, pp. 27–30. Also see Thomas E. Ricks and Vernon Loeb, “Unrivaled Military Feels Strains of Unending War,”
Washington Post,
February 16, 2003.

15
. See Ira Chernus, “Shock & Awe: Is Baghdad the Next Hiroshima?”
CommonDreams.org,
January 27, 2003. On the proposed Anglo-American use of such weapons as lasers that can blind and stun and microwave beams that can heat the water in human skin to the boiling point, see Antony Barnett, “Army’s Secret ‘People Zapper’ Plans,”
Observer,
November 3, 2002. The United States is sponsoring research on chemical and biological weapons that violates the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention and other international treaties. One of the projects is to produce antibiotic-resistant anthrax (Julian Borger, “U.S. Weapons Secrets Exposed,”
Guardian,
October 29, 2002; and Thomas Fuller, “Microwave Weapons: The Dangers of First Use,”
International Herald Tribune,
March 17, 2003).