The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution 1945-1957 (52 page)

16
    
Report on infringements against minority policy, Sichuan, 24 July 1952, JX1-880, pp. 82–3.

17
    
Statistics and detailed examples about false arrests in Guizhou can be found in a report circulated in Sichuan, 18 June 1951, JX1-839,pp. 227–9.

18
    
Sichuan, 25 April 1951, JX1-839, pp. 159–60; Report by Deng Xiaoping to Mao Zedong, 13 March 1951, Shandong, A1-5-20, pp. 16–19.

19
    
Report from Yunnan, 29 April 1951, Sichuan, JX1-837, p. 74.

20
    
Hu Yaobang, Report on West Sichuan, 29 April 1951, Sichuan, JX1-837, p. 190.

21
    
Sichuan, 28 May 1951, JX1-837, pp. 105–8; Report by Luo Zhimin, Sichuan, July 1951, JX1-37, pp. 1–2.

22
    
Comments by Mao, 16 May 1951, Shandong, A1-5-20, p. 134; see also Mao,
Jianguo yilai
, vol. 2, p. 306.

23
    
Report from Fuling, 5 April and 28 May 1951, Sichuan, JX1-837, pp. 141–2 and 147–8; Report on capital executions in Wenjiang, 28 June 1951, Sichuan, JX1-342, p. 115; Report from the East China Bureau, including details on west Sichuan, 12 May 1951, Shandong, A1-5-29,p. 189; on mass killings in west Sichuan, including Dayi, Mianyang and other counties, see also Sichuan, JX1-342, 7 June 1951, p. 32.

24
    
Guo Ya, ‘Kaifeng de zhenya’ (The campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries in Kaifeng), in Jiao Guobiao,
Hei wulei jiyi
(Memories from the five black categories), 2010, vol. 8, Beijing: Jiao Guobiao, pp. 57–8.

25
    
Greene,
Calvary in China
, p. 96.

26
    
Zhang Yingrong interviewed by Liao Yiwu,
God is Red: The Secret Story of How Christianity Survived and Flourished in Communist China
, New York: HarperCollins, 2011, pp. 121–2; Zhang was classified as a landlord because his eldest brother had been a county chief under the nationalist government.

27
    
Instructions from the Provincial Party Committee, 3 April 1951, Hebei, 855-1-137, p. 23; Zhang Mao’en interviewed by Liao Yiwu,
God is Red
,p. 136.

28
    
Instructions from the Provincial Party Committee, 3 April 1951, Hebei, 855-1-137, p. 23; Sichuan, 25 Feb. 1953, JK1-745, p. 67.

29
    
Report on the killing of Huang Zuyan, 12 April 1951, Comments by Mao Zedong, Shandong, 19 April 1951, A1-5-20, pp. 38–43; a witness at the time also sees this incident as critical in the triggering of ‘revenge killings’ by Mao: see Li Changyu, ‘Mao’s “Killing Quotas” ’,
China Rights Forum
, no. 4 (2005), pp. 41–4.

30
    
Comments by Mao, 18 March 1951, Shandong, A1-5-20, pp. 63–4; also in Mao,
Jianguo yilai
, vol. 2, pp. 168–9.

31
    
Reports from Shandong with Comments by Mao, 3, 4 and 7 April 1951, Shandong, A1-4-14, pp. 30, 43 and 50; the reference to ‘faint-hearted comrades’ is not included in the
Jianguo yilai
, vol. 2, pp. 225–6; Report from Jinan to the Centre, 13 April 1951, Sichuan, JX1-835, pp. 33–4.

32
    
Report on Preparations for the Raid from the East China Bureau to the Centre, 27 April 1951, Sichuan, JX1-834, pp. 83–4; Robert Loh,
Escape from Red China
, London: Michael Joseph, 1962, pp. 65–6.

33
    
Loh,
Escape from Red China
, pp. 65–6 and 68.

34
    
Noel Barber,
The Fall of Shanghai
, New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1979, p. 223.

35
    
‘Speech by Mayor Peng Zhen’,
Renmin ribao
, 22 June 1951, p. 1; the original is much longer and is abbreviated here.

36
    
Cheo,
Black Country Girl in Red China
, p. 60.

37
    
Chow Ching-wen,
Ten Years of Storm: The True Story of the Communist Regime in China
, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1960, p. 110; Instructions from the Provincial Party Committee, 3 April 1951, Hebei, 855-1-137, p. 23.

38
    
Instructions from Mao, 30 April 1951, Sichuan, JX1-834, pp. 92–3; see also Mao,
Jianguo yilai
, vol. 2, pp. 267–8.

39
    
Luo Ruiqing’s report to Mao Zedong, 20 March 1951, Sichuan, JX1-834, pp. 50–2.

40
    
Kou Qingyan, Report on Border Defence and the Campaign against Counter-Revolutionaries, 28 Oct. 1951, Guangdong, 204-1-27,pp. 152–5; Report by Wang Shoudao to the Centre, 26 Dec. 1952, Shandong, A1-5-85, pp. 120–5.

41
    
Report by Luo Ruiqing, 2 Jan. 1953, Shandong, A1-5-85, pp. 49 and 62; see also Report by Luo Ruiqing, 22 April 1953, Shandong, A1-5-85,p. 43.

42
    
Report by Luo Ruiqing, 23 Aug. 1952, Shaanxi, 123-25-2, p. 357.

43
    
Report from Fuling, 5 April and 28 May 1951, Sichuan, JX1-837, pp. 141–2 and 147–8; Report on capital executions in Wenjiang, 28 June 1951, Sichuan, JX1-342, pp. 113–14; General report by Deng Xiaoping,30 Nov. 1951, Sichuan, JX1-809, p. 32.

44
    
Report from the Eastern China region, Shandong, 12 May 1951, A1-5-29, pp. 183–4.

45
    
Report on counter-revolutionaries, Hebei, 1962, 884-1-223, p. 149.

46
    
Minutes of the Third National Conference on Public Security, 16 and 22 May 1951, Shandong, A1-4-9, p. 14.

47
    
Liu Shaoqi, Report at the Fourth Plenum of the Seventh Central Committee, 6 Feb. 1954, Guangdong, 204-1-203, pp. 3–8; Mao Zedong, ‘On the Ten Great Relationships’, 25 April 1956, circulated on 16 May 1956, Shandong, A1-2-387, pp. 2–17; this figure was probably based on the statistics gathered by Xu Zirong, the deputy minister for public security, and submitted in a report dated 14 January 1954. The report is referred to in Yang Kuisong’s article entitled ‘Reconsidering the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries’,
China Quarterly
, no. 193 (March 2008), pp. 102–21.

48
    
Georg Paloczi-Horvath,
Der Herr der blauen Ameisen: Mao Tse-tung
, Frankfurt am Main: Scheffler, 1962, p. 249.

49
    
On the outcasts and their social function see Yang Su,
Collective Killings in Rural China during the Cultural Revolution
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 114–20.

50
    
Loh,
Escape from Red China
, p. 70.

51
    
Li, ‘Mao’s “Killing Quotas” ’, p. 41.

52
    
Cheo,
Black Country Girl in Red China
, p. 73.

6: The Bamboo Curtain

1
      
Peter Lum,
Peking, 1950–1953
, London: Hale, 1958, p. 84; Peter Lum was the pen name of Eleanor Peter Crowe, the wife of Colin Crowe and sister of Catherine Lum, Antonio Riva’s wife; ‘Old Hands, Beware!’,
Time
, 27 Aug. 1951; see also L. H. Lamb, British Embassy Report, 29 Aug. 1951, PRO, FO371-92332, p. 155.

2
      
‘Old Hands, Beware!’,
Time
, 27 Aug. 1951; the drawing and other evidence of the affair appear in PRO, FO371-92333, pp. 2–25.

3
      
Lum,
Peking, 1950–1953
, pp. 90–2.

4
      
Hao Yen-p’ing,
The Commercial Revolution in Nineteenth-Century China: The Rise of Sino-Western Mercantile Capitalism
, Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press, 1986; Philip Richardson,
Economic Change in China, c. 1800–1950
, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 42.

5
      
On the foreign community in the republican era, see Frank Dikötter,
China before Mao: The Age of Openness
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008; a wonderful book on the expatriate communities is Frances Wood,
No Dogs and Not Many Chinese: Treaty Port Life in China, 1843–1943
, London: John Murray, 1998; see also Nicholas R. Clifford,
Spoilt Children of Empire: Westerners in Shanghai and the Chinese Revolution of the 1920s
, Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1991; John K. Fairbank,
Chinabound: A Fifty-Year Memoir
, New York: Harper & Row, 1982, p. 51.

6
      
See the seminal work of Albert Feuerwerker,
The Foreign Establishment in China in the Early Twentieth Century
, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1976, pp. 106–7.

7
      
Elden B. Erickson interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy, 25 June 1992, The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project; ‘Angus Ward Summarizes Mukden Experiences’,
Department of State Bulletin
, 21, no. 547 (26 Dec. 1949), p. 955, quoted in Herbert W. Briggs, ‘American Consular Rights in Communist China’,
American Journal of International Law
, 44, no. 2 (April 1950), p. 243; see also, among others, Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis and Xue Litai,
Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War
, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993, pp. 33–4.

8
      
Mao Zedong, ‘Farewell, John Leighton Stuart’,
18 Aug. 1949,
Selected Works of Mao Zedong
, vol. 4, p. 433.

9
      
David Middleditch interviewed by Beverley Hooper, 21 Aug. 1971, quoted in Beverley Hooper,
China Stands Up: Ending the Western Presence, 1948–1950
, London: Routledge, 1987, p. 47; on the emergency evacuation see also Hooper,
China Stands Up
, p. 48.

10
    
Ezpeleta,
Red Shadows over Shanghai
, p. 173; Eleanor Beck, ‘My Life in China from 2 January 1946 to 25 September 1949’, unpublished manuscript quoted in Hooper,
China Stands Up
, pp. 47–9.

11
    
Hooper,
China Stands Up
, p. 50.

12
    
Van der Sprenkel, ‘Part I’, pp. 5–6.

13
    
Hooper,
China Stands Up
, pp. 73–4.

14
    
Ibid., pp. 57 and 77; Edwin W. Martin,
Divided Counsel: The Anglo-American Response to Communist Victory in China
, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986, p. 42.

15
    
Doak Barnett, letter no. 38, ‘Chinese Communists: Nationalism and the Soviet Union’, 16 Sept. 1949, Institute of Current World Affairs; Bodde,
Peking Diary
, pp. 219–20; David Middleditch interviewed by Beverley Hooper, 21 Aug. 1979, in Hooper,
China Stands Up
, p. 73.

16
    
Hooper,
China Stands Up
, pp. 78–9, quoting Beck, ‘My Life in China’.

17
    
Ibid., pp. 80–1.

18
    
American Embassy to Foreign Service, 15 March 1951, PRO, FO371-92331, pp. 29–34; Control of American Assets, Jan. 1951, PRO, FO371-92294, pp. 81–7.

19
    
William G. Sewell,
I Stayed in China
, London: Allen & Unwin, 1966, p. 126.

20
    
Rossi,
The Communist Conquest of Shanghai
, pp. 100–1; Liliane Willens,
Stateless in Shanghai
, Hong Kong: China Economic Review Publishing, 2010, pp. 253–4.

21
    
Godfrey Moyle interviewed by Barber,
The Fall of Shanghai
, p. 226.

22
    
Memorandum and Letter from the British Consulate General in Shanghai, 2 and 6 March 1951, PRO, FO371-92260 pp. 99–101 and 128–9.

23
    
Rossi,
The Communist Conquest of Shanghai
, pp. 72–3; see also Aron Shai, ‘Imperialism Imprisoned: The Closure of British Firms in the People’s Republic of China’,
English Historical Review
, 104, no. 410 (Jan. 1989), pp. 88–109.

24
    
Rossi,
The Communist Conquest of Shanghai
, pp. 67–70.