Read The Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution 1945-1957 Online
Authors: Frank Dikötter
16
Report on labour conditions circulated by the Centre, 22 March 1956, Nanjing, 4003-1-107, pp. 364–5.
17
Hubei, May 13 Aug. 1956, SZ29-1-13, pp. 2–3; Hubei, May 1956, SZ29-1-144, pp. 14–35; Report from the Federation of Trade Unions to the Centre, 29 May 1956, Shandong, A1-2-393, pp. 54–8; also in Nanjing, 4003-1-108, pp. 54–60.
18
Report from the Federation of Trade Unions to the Centre, 29 May 1956, Shandong, A1-2-393, pp. 54–8; also in Nanjing, 4003-1-108, pp. 54–60.
19
Report from the Workers’ Union, 25 June 1956, Nanjing, 4003-1-107, pp. 370–6; Nanjing, 4 Feb. 1956, 4003-1-107, p. 48; Nanjing, 20 Feb. 1957, 4003-1-122, p. 25; Survey of Health Conditions in Factories, 1954, Nanjing, 5065-2-142, pp. 52–3.
20
Hubei, 28 March 1958, SZ44-2-158, pp. 16–59.
21
Report by the Youth League, 5 Aug. 1956, Shandong, A1-2-393,pp. 103–5.
22
Kawai Fan and Honkei Lai, ‘Mao Zedong’s Fight against Schistosomiasis’,
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
, 51, no. 2 (Spring 2008), pp. 176–87.
23
The medical debates are reported by David M. Lampton,
The Politics of Medicine in China: The Policy Process, 1949–1977
, Folkestone, Kent: Dawson, 1977, pp. 48 and 64–5; see also Miriam D. Gross, ‘Chasing Snails: Anti-Schistosomiasis Campaigns in the People’s Republic of China’, doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 2010.
24
Report on Eradication Work in the Last Half of 1957, 11 Sept. 1957, Hubei, SZ1-2-405, pp. 25–36.
25
Report on Leprosy in Xikang Province, 22 Aug. 1951, Sichuan, JK32-158, pp. 1–2; Report on Leprosy in Xikang Province, 1955, Sichuan, JK32-36, p. 8;
Neibu cankao
, 18 Dec. 1952, pp. 256–7; see also JK16-83, 1953, p. 3; Inspection Report on the Leper Colony at Yanbian, 1954, Sichuan, JK16-241, pp. 6–8.
26
Neibu cankao
, 13 May 1953, pp. 168–70.
27
Inspection Report on the Leper Colony at Yanbian, 1954, Sichuan, JK16-241, pp. 6–8; on Guangdong, see
Neibu cankao
, 14 April 1953, pp. 282–3.
28
Neibu cankao
, 3 April 1953, pp. 59–61.
14: Poisonous Weeds
1
Taubman,
Khrushchev
, pp. 271–2.
2
Pang and Jin (eds),
Mao Zedong zhuan, 1949–1976
, p. 534; Li,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao
, pp. 182–4.
3
Taubman,
Khrushchev
, p. 272; Wu Lengxi,
Yi Mao zhuxi: Wo qinshen jingli de ruogan zhongda lishi shijian pianduan
(Remembering Chairman Mao: Fragments of my personal experience of certain important historical events), Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe, 1995, p. 57.
4
Loh,
Escape from Red China
, pp. 229–30.
5
Nanjing, 1957, Nanjing, 4003-1-122, p. 103; Report from the Federation of Labour Unions, 22 Feb. 1957, Nanjing, 4003-1-122, pp. 83–7; the figure of over 10,000 students appears in Report from the Centre, 25 March 1957, Nanjing, 4003-1-122, pp. 78–82.
6
Report from the Ministry of Industry, 19 Feb. 1957, Guangdong, 219-2-112, pp. 99–100; Report from the Federation of Labour Unions, 22 Feb. 1957, Nanjing, 4003-1-122, pp. 83–7; Jilin, 20 May 1957, 1-1(13)-50,p. 4;
Neibu cankao
, 24 Sept. 1956, pp. 615–16; 15–16 Nov. 1956,pp. 367–8 and 401–2; 17 Dec. 1956, pp. 342–3.
7
Yang Xinpei, Report on Xianju County, 13 Aug. 1957, Shandong, A1-1-318, pp. 93–8; Report from the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee, 20 May 1957, Shandong, A1-1-318, p. 87.
8
Guangdong, 23 May 1957, 217-1-30, pp. 10–12; Report from the Shunde County Party Committee, 24 April 1957, Guangdong, 217-1-371, pp. 21–4; Report from the Xinyi County Party Committee, 6 March 1957, Guangdong, 217-1-408, pp. 16–18.
9
Guangdong, 15 Sept. 1957, 217-1-30, pp. 90–3.
10
Sichuan, 28 May to 15 July 1957, JC1-1155, p. 24.
11
Report from the Ministry of Domestic Affairs, 27 Feb. 1957, Nanjing, 4003-1-122, pp. 66–7; Shandong, 9 March 1957, A1-1-318, p. 108; on the miserable world of veterans, see Neil J. Diamant,
Embattled Glory: Veterans, Military Families, and the Politics of Patriotism in China, 1949–2007
, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009.
12
Loh,
Escape from Red China
, p. 231.
13
On the Ten Great Relationships, 25 April 1956, circulated on 16 May 1956, Shandong, A1-2-387, pp. 2–17.
14
Li,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao
, p. 163; Chang and Halliday,
Mao
,p. 401.
15
Closing Speech at the Second Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee, 15 Nov. 1956, Gansu, 91-18-480, pp. 74–6.
16
Interjections by Mao at the Second Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee, 10-15 Nov. 1956, Gansu, 91-18-480, p. 60; Speech by Luo Ruiqing, 27 Nov. 1956, Hebei, 886-1-18, pp. 45–55.
17
Speech by Mao Zedong, 18 Jan. 1957, Gansu, 91-3-57, pp. 57–63; Interjection by Mao, 19 Jan. 1957, Gansu, 91-3-57, p. 77; Interjection by Mao, 23 Jan. 1957, Gansu, 91-3-57, p. 84; Speech by Mao, 27 Jan. 1957, Gansu, 91-3-57, pp. 71–2.
18
Speech to Enlarged Session of China’s Supreme State Conference, 27 Feb. 1957, Gansu, 91-3-57, pp. 1–41; a translation of a virtually identical version appears in Roderick MacFarquhar, Timothy Cheek and Eugene Wu (eds),
The Secret Speeches of Chairman Mao: From the Hundred Flowers to the Great Leap Forward
, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989, pp. 131–89; see also Loh,
Escape from Red China
, pp. 289–2.
19
Loh,
Escape from Red China
, p. 293; on other enthusiastic reactions to the speech, see Eddy U, ‘Dangerous Privilege: The United Front and the Rectification Campaign of the Early Mao Years’,
China Journal
, no. 68 (July 2012), pp. 50–1.
20
On Peng Zhen and the
People’s Daily
, see Roderick MacFarquhar,
The Origins of the Cultural Revolution
, vol. 1:
Contradictions among the People, 1956–1957
, London: Oxford University Press, 1974, especially p. 193.
21
A good example is his meeting with democrats and representatives of trade and industry, 7 Dec. 1956, Shandong, A1-2-387, p. 71; the quotation about intellectuals is from Mao’s speech in Nanjing, 20 March 1957, Shandong, A1-1-312, pp. 2–17.
22
The colours of the posters are mentioned in Yue Daiyun,
To the Storm: The Odyssey of a Revolutionary Chinese Woman
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985, p. 7; Wu,
A Single Tear
, p. 54.
23
Dai Qing,
Liang Shuming, Wang Shiwei, Chu Anping
, Nanjing: Jiangsu wenyi chubanshe, 1989, pp. 236–8; see also Zhang Yihe,
Wangshi bingbu ruyan
(Do not let bygones be bygones), Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe, 2004; Luo’s remark was so hurtful that Mao even commented on it at the summing-up of the Third Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee, 9 Oct. 1957, Shandong, A1-1-315, p. 15.
24
Dai Huang, ‘Righting the Wronged’, in Zhang Lijia and Calum MacLeod (eds),
China Remembers
, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 66; James P. McGough,
Fei Hsiao-t’ung: The Dilemma of a Chinese Intellectual
, White Plains, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1979, pp. 61–2.
25
Loh,
Escape from Red China
, pp. 304–5.
26
Ibid., p. 301.
27
Ibid., p. 298; on Wuhan, see Roderick MacFarquhar (ed.),
The Hundred Flowers Campaign and the Chinese Intellectuals
, New York: Octagon Books, 1974, pp. 143–53.
28
Elizabeth J. Perry, ‘Shanghai’s Strike Wave of 1957’,
China Quarterly
, no. 137 (March 1994), pp. 1–27.
29
Ibid., p. 13; Loh,
Escape from Red China
, p. 300.
30
Yue,
To the Storm
, p. 7.
31
Li,
The Private Life of Chairman Mao
, p. 200.
32
‘Things are Beginning to Change’,
Selected Works of Mao Zedong
, vol. 5, pp. 441–2.
33
The official number is 552,877 rightists (Henry Yuhuai He,
Dictionary of the Political Thought of the People’s Republic of China
, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2001, p. 115), but experts on the campaign believe that this does not take into account unofficial persecutions, which would bring the total to over 650,000; see, for instance, Hua Min,
Zhongguo da nizhuan: ‘Fanyou’ yundong shi
(China’s great reversal: A history of the anti-rightist campaign), Flushing, NY: Mingjing, 1996, p. 148; on the role of Deng Xiaoping, see Chung Yen-lin, ‘The Witch-Hunting Vanguard: The Central Secretariat’s Roles and Activities in the Anti-Rightist Campaign’,
China Quarterly
, no. 206 (June 2011), pp. 391–411; there is a wealth of evidence in Song Yongyi (ed.),
Chinese Anti-Rightist Campaign Database
, Hong Kong: Universities Service Center for China Studies, 2010.
34
Report by the Beijing Municipal Party Committee, 7 July 1957, Gansu, 91-1-19, pp. 145–8; on the presumed alliance, see Frederick C. Teiwes,
Politics and Purges in China: Rectification and the Decline of Party Norms
, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993, pp. 235–40; see also Zhu Zheng,
Fan youpai douzheng shimo
(The history of the anti-rightist campaign), Hong Kong: Mingbao chubanshe youxian gongsi, 2004, pp. 275–313.
35
MacFarquhar,
The Hundred Flowers Campaign and the Chinese Intellectuals
, p. 264.
36
Zhu,
Fan youpai douzheng shimo
, pp. 275–313; Zhang,
Wangshi bingbu ruyan
; Dai, ‘Righting the Wronged’, p. 66; McGough,
Fei Hsiao-t’ung
, pp. 79–82.
37
Wu,
A Single Tear
, p. 64.
38
Yue,
To the Storm
, pp. 7 and 32.
39
Report by the Beijing Municipal Party Committee, 7 July 1957, Gansu, 91-1-19, pp. 145–8; on the presumed alliance, see Teiwes,
Politics and Purges in China
, pp. 235–40.
40
Wang Ning, ‘The Great Northern Wilderness: Political Exiles in the People’s Republic of China’, University of British Columbia, doctoral dissertation, 2005, p. 33; Qian Xinbo, ‘Jiaoxin cheng “youpai” ’ (Becoming a rightist by opening one’s heart), in Niu Han and Deng Jiuping (eds),
Jingji lu: Jiyi zhong de fanyoupai yundong
(The thorny path: The anti-rightist campaign in memory), Beijing: Jingji ribao chubanshe, 1998,pp. 401–4; Dai, ‘Righting the Wronged’, p. 67.
41
He Ying interviewed by Wang, ‘The Great Northern Wilderness’, p. 48, with a few stylistic changes.
42
Cong Weixi,
Zouxiang hundun: Cong Weixi huiyilu
(Towards chaos: Reminiscences of Cong Weixi), Guangzhou: Huacheng chubanshe, 2007, pp. 5–6, quoted in Wang, ‘The Great Northern Wilderness’, p. 137; Shen, ‘The Death of Hu Shi’s Younger Son, Sidu’.
43
Ding Ling, ‘Dao Beidahuang qu’ (To the Great Northern Wilderness), in Niu Han and Deng Jiuping (eds),
Yuan shang cao: Jiyi zhong de fanyoupai yundong
(Grass on the land: The anti-rightist campaign in memory), Beijing: Jingji ribao chubanshe, 1998, p. 318.