The Transformation of the World

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Authors: Jrgen Osterhammel Patrick Camiller

A Global History of the Nineteenth Century

JÃ¼rgen Osterhammel

Translated by Patrick Camiller

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS

Princeton and Oxford

First published in Germany by C. H. Beck under the title
Die Verwandlung der Welt
Â© Verlag C. H. Beck oHG, MÃ¼nchen 2009

English translation copyright Â© 2014 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street,
Princeton, New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street,
Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW

press.princeton.edu

Jacket illustration: Harbor at Shanghai, China, 1875, Â© Getty Images. Cover design by Faceout Studio, Charles Brock.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Osterhammel, JÃ¼rgen.

[Verwandlung der Welt. English]

The transformation of the world : a global history of the nineteenth century / JÃ¼rgen Osterhammel.

pages cm. â (America in the world)

“First published in Germany by C.H. Beck under the title Die Verwandlung der Welt, Verlag C.H. Beck oHG, Munchen 2009.”

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

ISBN 978-0-691-14745-1 (hardback : acid-free paper) 1. History, Modernâ19th century.

I. Title.

D358.O8813 2014

909.81âdc23

2013025754

British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available

The translation of this work was funded by Geisteswissenschaften International-Translation Funding for Humanities and Social Sciences from Germany, a joint initiative of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation, the German Federal Foreign Office, the collecting society VG WORT and the BÃ¶rsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels (German Publishers & Booksellers Association)

This book has been composed in Garamond Premier Pro

Printed on acid-free paper. â

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

For Sabine and Philipp Dabringhaus
_______________________________________________

CONTENTS

PrefaceÂ Â Â Â
xi

IntroductionÂ Â Â Â
xv

PART ONE: APPROACHES

IÂ	Memory and Self-Observation: The Perpetuation of the Nineteenth CenturyÂ Â Â Â 3
1 Visibility and AudibilityÂ Â Â Â 5
2 Treasuries of Memory and KnowledgeÂ Â Â Â 7
3 Observation, Description, RealismÂ Â Â Â 17
4 NumbersÂ Â Â Â 25
5 NewsÂ Â Â Â 29
6 PhotographyÂ Â Â Â 39
IIÂ	Time: When Was the Nineteenth Century?Â Â Â Â 45
1 Chronology and the Coherence of the AgeÂ Â Â Â 45
2 Calendar and PeriodizationÂ Â Â Â 49
3 Breaks and TransitionsÂ Â Â Â 52
4 The Age of Revolution, Victorianism, Fin de SiÃ¨cleÂ Â Â Â 58
5 Clocks and AccelerationÂ Â Â Â 67
IIIÂ	Space: Where Was the Nineteenth Century?Â Â Â Â 77
1 Space and TimeÂ Â Â Â 77
2 Metageography: Naming SpacesÂ Â Â Â 78
3 Mental Maps: The Relativity of Spatial PerspectiveÂ Â Â Â 86
4 Spaces of Interaction: Land and SeaÂ Â Â Â 94
5 Ordering and Governing SpaceÂ Â Â Â 104
6 Territoriality, Diaspora, BordersÂ Â Â Â 107

PART TWO: PANORAMAS

IVÂ	MobilitiesÂ Â Â Â 117
1 Magnitudes and TendenciesÂ Â Â Â 117
2 Population Disasters and the Demographic TransitionÂ Â Â Â 124
3 The Legacy of Early Modern Migrations: Creoles and SlavesÂ Â Â Â 128
4 Penal Colony and ExileÂ Â Â Â 133
5 Ethnic CleansingÂ Â Â Â 139
6 Internal Migration and the Changing Slave TradeÂ Â Â Â 144
7 Migration and CapitalismÂ Â Â Â 154
8 Global MotivesÂ Â Â Â 164
VÂ	Living Standards: Risk and Security in Material LifeÂ Â Â Â 167
1 The Standard of Living and the Quality of LifeÂ Â Â Â 167
2 Life Expectancy and “ Homo hygienicus ”Â Â Â Â 170
3 Medical Fears and PreventionÂ Â Â Â 178
4 Mobile Perils, Old and NewÂ Â Â Â 185
5 Natural DisastersÂ Â Â Â 197
6 FamineÂ Â Â Â 201
7 Agricultural RevolutionsÂ Â Â Â 211
8 Poverty and WealthÂ Â Â Â 216
9 Globalized ConsumptionÂ Â Â Â 226
VIÂ	Cities: European Models and Worldwide CreativityÂ Â Â Â 241
1 The City as Norm and ExceptionÂ Â Â Â 241
2 Urbanization and Urban SystemsÂ Â Â Â 249
3 Between Deurbanization and HypergrowthÂ Â Â Â 256
4 Specialized Cities, Universal CitiesÂ Â Â Â 264
5 The Golden Age of Port CitiesÂ Â Â Â 275
6 Colonial Cities, Treaty Ports, Imperial MetropolisesÂ Â Â Â 283
7 Internal Spaces and UndergroundsÂ Â Â Â 297
8 Symbolism, Aesthetics, PlanningÂ Â Â Â 311
VIIÂ	Frontiers: Subjugation of Space and Challenges to Nomadic LifeÂ Â Â Â 322
1 Invasions and Frontier ProcessesÂ Â Â Â 322
2 The North American WestÂ Â Â Â 331
3 South America and South AfricaÂ Â Â Â 347
4 EurasiaÂ Â Â Â 356
5 Settler ColonialismÂ Â Â Â 368
6 The Conquest of Nature: Invasions of the BiosphereÂ Â Â Â 375
VIIIÂ	Imperial Systems and Nation-States: The Persistence of EmpiresÂ Â Â Â 392
1 Great-Power Politics and Imperial ExpansionÂ Â Â Â 392
2 Paths to the Nation-StateÂ Â Â Â 403
3 What Holds Empires Together?Â Â Â Â 419
4 Empires: Typology and ComparisonsÂ Â Â Â 429
5 Central and Marginal CasesÂ Â Â Â 434
6 Pax BritannicaÂ Â Â Â 450
7 Living in EmpiresÂ Â Â Â 461
IXÂ	International Orders, Wars, Transnational Movements: Between Two World WarsÂ Â Â Â 469
1 The Thorny Path to a Global System of StatesÂ Â Â Â 469
2 Spaces of Power and HegemonyÂ Â Â Â 475
3 Peaceful Europe, Wartorn Asia and AfricaÂ Â Â Â 483
4 Diplomacy as Political Instrument and Intercultural ArtÂ Â Â Â 493
5 Internationalisms and the Emergence of Universal NormsÂ Â Â Â 505
XÂ	Revolutions: From Philadelphia via Nanjing to Saint PetersburgÂ Â Â Â 514
1 Revolutionsâfrom Below, from Above, from Unexpected DirectionsÂ Â Â Â 514
2 The Revolutionary AtlanticÂ Â Â Â 522
3 The Great Turbulence in MidcenturyÂ Â Â Â 543
4 Eurasian Revolutions, Fin de SiÃ¨cleÂ Â Â Â 558
XIÂ	The State: Minimal Government, Performances, and the Iron CageÂ Â Â Â 572
1 Order and Communication: The State and the PoliticalÂ Â Â Â 572
2 Reinventions of MonarchyÂ Â Â Â 579
3 DemocracyÂ Â Â Â 593
4 BureaucraciesÂ Â Â Â 605
5 Mobilization and DisciplineÂ Â Â Â 616
6 Self-Strengthening: The Politics of Peripheral DefensiveÂ Â Â Â 625
7 State and NationalismÂ Â Â Â 629

PART THREE: THEMES

XIIÂ	Energy and Industry: Who Unbound Prometheus, When, and Where?Â Â Â Â 637
1 IndustrializationÂ Â Â Â 638
2 Energy Regimes: The Century of CoalÂ Â Â Â 651
3 Paths of Economic Development and NondevelopmentÂ Â Â Â 658
4 CapitalismÂ Â Â Â 667
XIIIÂ	Labor: The Physical Basis of CultureÂ Â Â Â 673
1 The Weight of Rural LaborÂ Â Â Â 675
2 Factory, Construction Site, OfficeÂ Â Â Â 685
3 Toward Emancipation: Slaves, Serfs, PeasantsÂ Â Â Â 697
4 The Asymmetry of Wage LaborÂ Â Â Â 706
XIVÂ	Networks: Extension, Density, HolesÂ Â Â Â 710
1 CommunicationsÂ Â Â Â 712
2 TradeÂ Â Â Â 724
3 Money and FinanceÂ Â Â Â 730
XVÂ	Hierarchies: The Vertical Dimension of Social SpaceÂ Â Â Â 744
1 Is a Global Social History Possible?Â Â Â Â 744
2 Aristocracies in (Moderate) DeclineÂ Â Â Â 750
3 Bourgeois and Quasi-bourgeoisÂ Â Â Â 761
XVIÂ	Knowledge: Growth, Concentration, DistributionÂ Â Â Â 779
1 World LanguagesÂ Â Â Â 781
2 Literacy and SchoolingÂ Â Â Â 788
3 The University as a Cultural Export from EuropeÂ Â Â Â 798
4 Mobility and TranslationÂ Â Â Â 808
5 Humanities and the Study of the OtherÂ Â Â Â 814
XVIIÂ	Civilization and ExclusionÂ Â Â Â 826
1 The “Civilized World” and Its “Mission”Â Â Â Â 826
2 Slave Emancipation and White SupremacyÂ Â Â Â 837
3 Antiforeignism and “Race War”Â Â Â Â 855
4 Anti-SemitismÂ Â Â Â 865
XVIIIÂ	ReligionÂ Â Â Â 873
1 Concepts of Religion and the ReligiousÂ Â Â Â 873
2 SecularizationÂ Â Â Â 880
3 Religion and EmpireÂ Â Â Â 887
4 Reform and RenewalÂ Â Â Â 894
Conclusion: The Nineteenth Century in HistoryÂ Â Â Â 902
1 Self-DiagnosticsÂ Â Â Â 902
2 ModernityÂ Â Â Â 904
3 Again: The Beginning or End of a CenturyÂ Â Â Â 906
4 Five Characteristics of the CenturyÂ Â Â Â 907
AbbreviationsÂ Â Â Â 921
NotesÂ Â Â Â 923
BibliographyÂ Â Â Â 1021
IndexÂ Â Â Â 1119

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