Read The Warmth of Other Suns Online
Authors: Isabel Wilkerson
41
“almost exactly at the norm”:
Otto Klineberg,
Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1935), pp. 43–45. The IQ tests were of ten-year-old girls in Harlem, divided on the basis of how long they had lived in New York. Those in New York for less than a year scored 81.8, those in New York one to two years scored 85.8, those in New York for three to four years scored 94.1, and those born in New York scored 98.5. Other studies—of boys or with the use of other measurements—found what Klineberg described as an “unmistakable trend” of improved intellectual performance the longer the children were in the North.
42
Klineberg’s studies:
“Otto Klineberg, Who Helped Win ’54 Desegregation Case, Dies at 92,”
The New York Times
, March 10, 1992.
43
Jean Baptiste Point DuSable:
Bessie Louise Pierce,
A History of Chicago
, vol. 1 (New York: Knopf, 1937), pp. 12, 13. Pierce describes Point DuSable as having been the son of a man from “one of France’s foremost families” and says “that his mother was a Negro slave.” Christopher R. Reed, “In the Shadow of Fort Dearborn: Honoring DuSable at the Chicago World’s Fair of 1933–1934,”
Journal of Black Studies
21, no. 4 (June 1991): 412.
44
Jan Rodrigues:
Leslie M. Harris,
In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863 (
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), pp. 12–13.
45
“In the simple process”:
Lawrence R. Rodgers,
Canaan Bound: The African American Great Migration Novel
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), p. 186.
N
OTES ON
M
ETHODOLOGY
1
It is important:
Chicago Commission on Race Relations,
The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922), pp. xxiii, xxiv.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to reprint previously published material:
BEACON PRESS:
Excerpts from
Notes of a Native Son
by James Baldwin, copyright © 1955 and copyright © renewed 1983 by James Baldwin. Reprinted by permission of Beacon Press, Boston.
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Excerpt from Act 1, Scene i, from
The Piano Lesson
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12 Million Black Voices
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Excerpt from
Dust Tracks on a Road
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Black Boy
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: Excerpt from “For Russell and Rowena Jelliffe,” excerpt from “One-Way Ticket,” and an excerpt from “The South” from
The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes
, copyright © 1994 by the Estate of Langston Hughes. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc. Additional rights by permission of Harold Ober Associates Incorporated.
THE PHI BETA KAPPA SOCIETY:
Excerpt from “The Two Harlems” by Arna Bontemps,
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, Volume 14, No. 2, Spring 1945, p. 167, copyright © 1945 by The Phi Beta Kappa Society. Reprinted by permission of The Phi Beta Kappa Society.
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Excerpt from “Hide Nor Hair” by Percy Mayfield and Morton Craft, copyright © Tangerine Music Corporation. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission. Under license from the Ray Charles Marketing Group on behalf of Tangerine Music Corporation.
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Excerpt from
Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920
by Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, copyright © 1996 by the University of North Carolina Press. Reprinted by permission of the publisher,
www.uncpress.unc.edu
.
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Excerpt from Chapter 9 from
The Grapes of Wrath
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I
SABEL
W
ILKERSON
won the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing for her reporting as Chicago bureau chief of
The New York Times
. The award made her the first black woman in the history of American journalism to win a Pulitzer Prize and the first African American to win for individual reporting. She won the George Polk Award for her coverage of the Midwest and a John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship for her research into the Great Migration. She has lectured on narrative writing at the Nieman Foundation at Harvard University and has served as Ferris Professor of Journalism at Princeton University and as the James M. Cox Jr. Professor of Journalism at Emory University. She is currently Professor of Journalism and Director of Narrative Nonfiction at Boston University. During the Great Migration, her parents journeyed from Georgia and southern Virginia to Washington, D.C., where she was born and reared. This is her first book.