Authors: Jeffrey D. Sachs
1.
Cousins,
The Improbable Triumvirate
, 128.
2.
Seaborg,
Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban
, 264.
3.
Cousins,
The Improbable Triumvirate
, 135.
4.
John F. Kennedy, “Address on the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty” (speech, Washington, DC, July 26, 1963), Miller Center,
http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3377
.
5.
Dallek,
An Unfinished Life
, 622.
6.
Ibid., 345.
7.
Wenger and Gerber, “John F. Kennedy and the Limited Test Ban Treaty,” 478.
8.
Benjamin S. Loeb, “The Limited Test Ban Treaty,” in
The Politics of Arms Control Treaty Ratification
, ed. Michael Krepon and Dan Caldwell (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), 188.
9.
Maxwell Taylor to Dean Rusk, July 27, 1963, NSF/264/ACDA: Disarmament, Subjects, Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Congressional Relations, 5/63–7/63, John F. Kennedy Library.
10.
Seaborg,
Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban
, 265.
11.
Loeb, “The Limited Test Ban Treaty,” in
The Politics of Arms Control Treaty Ratification
, 189.
12.
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Eighty-eighth Congress, First Session, on The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, In Outer Space, and Underwater, Signed at Moscow on August 5, 1963, on Behalf of the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 88th Cong. 276 (1963) (statement by General Maxwell Taylor, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff).
13.
“Text of Scientists Statement Supporting Test Ban Treaty,” POF/100/JFKL, John F. Kennedy Library.
14.
Seaborg,
Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban
, 273.
15.
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Eighty-eighth Congress, First Session, 88th Cong. 846–848 (1963) (letter from Dwight D. Eisenhower, Former President of the United States).
16.
Sorensen, recorded interview by Kaysen, 83.
17.
John F. Kennedy, “Letter to Senate Leaders Restating the Administration’s Views on the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,” September 11, 1963,
The American Presidency Project
, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9403
.
18.
Seaborg,
Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban
, 280.
19.
Loeb, “The Limited Test Ban Treaty,” in
The Politics of Arms Control Treaty Ratification
, 205.
20.
John F. Kennedy, “Statement by the President Following the Senate Vote on the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,” September 24, 1963,
The American Presidency Project
, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9426
.
21.
To John F. Kennedy, “Summary of Governmental Reactions to Test Ban Treaty (excludes United States, UK, and USSR),” NSF/264/ACDA: Disarmament, Subjects, Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Foreign Reaction, 7/63–10/63, John F. Kennedy Library.
22.
John F. Kennedy, “Address to the UN General Assembly” (speech, New York, September 20, 1963), Miller Center,
http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/5764
.
23.
Vojtech Mastny, “The 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: A Missed Opportunity for Détente?”
Journal of Cold War Studies
10, no. 1 (Winter 2008): 8.
24.
Etzioni, “The Kennedy Experiment,” 367.
25.
Kennedy and Khrushchev,
Top Secret
, 562.
26.
Ibid., 566.
27.
Quoted in William Taubman,
Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), 13.
1.
“Doomsday Clock,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
, accessed February 11, 2013,
http://www.thebulletin.org/content/doomsday-clock/timeline
.
2.
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, U.S-U.K.-U.S.S.R., July 1, 1968, 21 U.S.T. 483, 729 U.N.T.S. 161.
3.
John F. Kennedy, “The President’s News Conference,” March 21, 1963,
The American Presidency Project
, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9124
.
4.
Thomas Graham Jr., “Avoiding the Tipping Point,” review of
The Nuclear
Tipping Point: Why States Reconsider Their Nuclear Choices
, ed. Kurt M. Campbell, Robert J. Einhorn, and Mitchell B. Reiss (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2004).
5.
See in particular the Nuclear Security Project,
http://www.nuclearsecurityproject.org/
, and the call by Henry Kissinger, Sam Nunn, George Shultz, and William Perry for a nuclear-free world.
6.
For a brief overview of the period after 1963, see Raymond L. Garthoff,
Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994); Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
; Shane J. Maddock,
Nuclear Apartheid: The Quest for American Atomic Supremacy from World War II to the Present
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010); Richard W. Stevenson,
The Rise and Fall of Détente: Relaxations of Tension in US-Soviet Relations, 1953–84
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985).
7.
“Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I),” Arms Control Association, accessed February 19, 2013,
http://www.armscontrol.org/documents/salt
.
8.
“Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II),” Arms Control Association, accessed February 19, 2013,
http://www.armscontrol.org/documents/salt2
.
9.
“Doomsday Clock,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
.
10.
Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen, “Global Nuclear Weapons Inventories, 1945–2010,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
66, no. 4 (2010): 81–82; Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen, “Russian Nuclear Forces, 2010,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
66, no. 1 (2010): 74–81; Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris, “Russian Nuclear Forces, 2011,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
67, no. 3 (2011): 67–74; Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris, “Russian Nuclear Forces, 2012,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
68, no. 2 (2012): 87–97; Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris, “US Nuclear Forces, 2011,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
67, no. 2 (2011): 66–76; Hans M. Kristensen and Robert S. Norris, “US Nuclear Forces, 2012,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
68, no. 3 (2012): 84–91.
11.
Norris and Kristensen, “Global Nuclear Stockpiles, 1945–2006,” 66.
12.
U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office,
United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through September 1992
(Las Vegas: U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, 2000).
13.
Norris and Kristensen, “Global Nuclear Weapons Inventories, 1945–2010,” 81–82; Thomas B. Cochran, William M. Arkin, Robert S. Norris, and Jeffrey I. Sands,
Nuclear Weapons Databook
, vol. 4,
Soviet Nuclear Weapons
(New York: Harper & Row, 1989); “Table of USSR/Russian ICBM Forces,” Natural Resources Defense Council, accessed March 22, 2013,
http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nudb/datab4.asp
.
14.
Quoted in Murrey Marder, “Summit Clouded by Watergate,”
New York Times
, July 4, 1974.
15.
“START I at a Glance,” Arms Control Association, accessed February 19, 2013,
http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/start1
.
16.
“Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II (START II),” Arms Control Association, accessed February 19, 2013,
http://www.armscontrol.org/node/2494
.
17.
“New START,” U.S. State Department, accessed February 19, 2013,
http://www.state.gov/t/avc/newstart/index.htm
.
18.
Encyclopœdia Britannica Online
, s.v. “Vietnam War,” accessed February 19, 2013,
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628478/Vietnam-War
.
19.
Encyclopœdia Britannica Online
, s.v. “Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan,” accessed February 19, 2013,
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1499983/Soviet-invasion-of-Afghanistan
.
20.
The most prescient accounts were by Soviet dissident Andreii Amalrik in
Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?
in 1970, and by French sociologist Emmanuel Todd in
The Final Fall: An Essay on the Decomposition of the Soviet Sphere
in 1976 (Andrei Almarik,
Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?
[New York: Harper & Row, 1970]; Emmanuel Todd,
La Chute Finale: Essai sur la Décomposition de la Sphère Soviétique
[Paris: R. Laffont, 1976]).
21.
John Maynard Keynes,
Essays in Persuasion
(London: Macmillan, 1931), 306.
22.
X [George Kennan], “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,”
Foreign Affairs
25, no. 4 (July 1947), 582. Emphasis added.
23.
Ibid.
1.
John F. Kennedy, “Address at Rice University in Houston on the Nation’s Space Effort” (speech, Houston, September 12, 1962),
The American Presidency Project
, ed. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley,
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8862
.
2.
John F. Kennedy, “Address on Civil Rights,” Miller Center.
3.
“Doomsday Clock,”
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
.
4.
George C. Marshall, “Commencement Address at Harvard University (the Marshall Plan Speech)” (speech, Cambridge, June 5, 1947), George C. Marshall Foundation,
http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/MarshallPlanSpeechfromRecordedAddress_000.html
.
5.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Development Assistance Committee.
6.
Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President on a New Beginning” (speech, Cairo, June 4, 2009), White House Office of the Press Secretary,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo-university-6-04-09
.
To Move the World:
JFK’s Quest for Peace
The Price of Civilization:
Reawakening American Virtue and Prosperity
Common Wealth:
Economics for a Crowded Planet
The End of Poverty:
Economic Possibilities for Our Time
J
EFFREY
D. S
ACHS
is a world-renowned professor of economics, leader in sustainable development, senior UN advisor, bestselling author, and syndicated columnist whose monthly newspaper columns appear in more than one hundred countries. He is the director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University and Special Advisor to UN secretary-general Ban Ki-moon on the Millennium Development Goals, which are designed to reduce extreme poverty, disease, and hunger, a position he also held under former UN secretary-general Kofi Annan. Sachs directs the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network on behalf of the secretary-general. He has received many honors around the world, including the Sargent Shriver Award for Equal Justice, India’s Padma Bhushan award, Poland’s Commanders Cross of the Order of Merit, and many honorary degrees. He has twice been named among the hundred most influential leaders in the world by
Time
magazine.
Visit the author’s website
http://jeffsachs.org/
Find the author on Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/jeffrey.sachs
Follow the author on Twitter
https://twitter.com/JeffDSachs