Unfair (79 page)

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Authors: Adam Benforado

Green, Susan. “George Zimmerman Makes First Court Appearance at Bond Hearing.”
Examiner.com
, April 12, 2012.
http://www.examiner.com/​article/​george-zimmerman-makes-​first-court-appearance​-at-bond-hearing
.

Harris, Lasana T., and Susan T. Fiske. “Dehumanizing the Lowest of the Low: Neuroimaging Responses to Extreme Out-Groups.”
Psychological Science
17, no. 10 (2006): 847–53.

Inbar, Yoel, and David Pizarro. “Grime and Punishment: How Disgust Influences Moral, Social, and Legal Judgments.”
Jury Expert
21, no. 2 (March 2009): 12–18.

Innocence Project. “DNA Exonerations Nationwide.” Accessed February 15, 2014.
http://www.innocenceproject.org/​Content/​DNA_Exonerations_​Nationwide.php
.

Innocence Project. “51% of 300 DNA Exonerations Involved Use of Improper/Unvalidated Forensic Science: Breakdown by Discipline.” Accessed February 15, 2014.
http://www.innocenceproject.org/​docs/​FSBreakdownDiscipline.pdf
.

Janofsky, Michael. “Official Washington Pays Tribute to Reporter Who Was Killed.”
New York Times
, January 14, 2006.

Janofsky, Michael. “Suspect Said to Confess Killing Times Reporter.”
New York Times
, January 13, 2006.

Jones, Cathaleene, and Elliot Aronson. “Attribution of Fault to a Rape Victim as a Function of Respectability of the Victim.”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
26, no. 3 (1973): 415–19.

Jones, Dan. “The Depths of Disgust.”
Nature
447, no.14 (June 2007): 768–71.

Jordan v. United States
. Brief for Appellant. 18 A.3d 703 (2011) (No. 07-CF-340), 2010
WL
7359337.

Jordan v. United States
. Brief for Appellee. 18 A.3d 703 (2011) (No. 07-CF-340), 2010
WL
7359345.

Kahneman, Daniel.
Thinking, Fast and Slow
. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011.

Kassin, Saul M., Itiel E. Dror, and Jeff Kukucka. “The Forensic Confirmation Bias: Problems, Perspectives, and Proposed Solutions.”
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
2 (2013): 42–52.

King, Colbert I. “The Death of David Rosenbaum.”
Washington Post
, February 25, 2006.

Kiume, Sandra. “Disgust and Social Tolerance.”
Psych Central
. Accessed February 15, 2014.
http://psychcentral.com/​blog/​archives/2007​/01/04/​disgust-and-social-tolerance/
.

Lange, Nick D., Rick P. Thomas, Jason Dana, and Robyn M. Dawes. “Contextual Biases in the Interpretation of Auditory Evidence.”
Law and Human Behavior
35 (2011): 178–87.

Lemonick, Michael D. “Why We Get Disgusted.”
Time
, May 24, 2007.

Mamet, David.
Faustus
. New York: Dramatists Play Service, 2007.

McGreal, Chris. “Somalian Rape Victim, 13, Stoned to Death.”
Guardian
, November 2, 2008.

McNerney, Sam. “A Nauseating Corner of Psychology: Disgust.”
Big Think
, December 9, 2012.
http://bigthink.com/​insights-of-genius/​a-nauseating​-corner-of-psychology-disgust
.

MedlinePlus. “Do Not Resuscitate Orders.” Last modified February 3, 2014.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/​medlineplus/​ency/patientinstructions​/000473.htm
.

Milk, Leslie, and Ellen Ryan. “Washingtonians of the Year 2007: The Rosenbaums.”
Washingtonian
, January 1, 2008.

Morales, Andrea C., and Gavan J. Fitzsimons. “Product Contagion: Changing Consumer Evaluations Through Physical Contact with ‘Disgusting' Products.”
Journal of Marketing Research
44, no. 2 (May 2007): 272–83.

National Institute of Justice. “What Is CODIS?” Last modified July 16, 2010.
http://nij.gov/​journals/​266/Pages/​backlogs-codis.aspx
.

Noble, Andrea. “D.C. Fire Chief's Changes Ignore Earlier EMS Task Force Recommendation.”
Journal of Emergency Medical Services
, August 28, 2013.

Penn, William.
Some Fruits of Solitude in Reflections and Maxims
. London: Freemantle, 1901.

Pennsylvania Attorney General. “Child Sex Charges Filed Against Jerry Sandusky; Two Top Penn State University Officials Charged with Perjury and Failure to Report Suspected Child Abuse.” News release. November 5, 2011.
http://www.​attorneygeneral.gov/​press.aspx​?id
= 6270.

Purdum, Todd S. “David Rosenbaum, Reporter for Times Who Covered Politics, Dies at 63.”
New York Times
, January 9, 2006.

Randall, Eric. “Bullies Force an Alleged Sandusky Victim to Leave His High School.”
Wire
, November 21, 2011.
http://www.theatlanticwire.com/​national/​2011/11​/bullies-forced​-alleged-sandusky-victim-​leave-his-high-school/45267/
.

Riedel, Marc. “Homicide Arrest Clearances: A Review of the Literature.”
Sociology Compass
2, no. 4 (2008): 1150–59.

Roberts, Aki. “The Influences of Incident and Contextual Characteristics on Crime Clearance of Nonlethal Violence: A Multilevel Event History Analysis.”
Journal of Criminal Justice
36 (2008): 61–71.

Robinson, Amanda L., and Meghan S. Chandek. “Differential Police Response to Black Battered Women.”
Women and Criminal Justice
12 (2000): 29–61.

Rosenbaum v. District of Columbia
. Complaint for Damages. 2006 CA 008405 M (D.C. Super. Ct. dismissed Nov. 30, 2007).

Rozin, Paul, Larry Hammer, Harriet Oster, Talia Horowitz, and Veronica Marmora. “The Child's Conception of Food: Differentiation of Categories of Rejected Substances in the 16 Months to 5 Year Age Range.”
Appetite
7 (1986): 141–51.

Rozin, Paul, Maureen Markwith, and Clark McCauley, “Sensitivity to Indirect Contacts with Other Persons: AIDS Aversion as a Composite of Aversion to Strangers, Infection, Moral Taint and Misfortune.”
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
103 (1994): 495–504.

Schaffer, Amanda. “The Moral Dilemmas of Doctors During Disaster.”
New Yorker
, September 13, 2013.

Schnall, Simone, Jonathan Haidt, Gerald L. Clore, and Alexander H. Jordan. “Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgment.”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
34 (2008): 1096–1109.

Selena Walker v. D.C. Fire and Emergency Medical Services
. OEA Matter No. 1601-0133-06 (D.C. June 26, 2007).

Sherman, Gary D., Jonathan Haidt, and Gerald L. Clore. “The Faintest Speck of Dirt: Disgust Enhances the Detection of Impurity.”
Psychological Science
23 (2012): 1506–14.

Silverman, Elissa. “Don't Split Department, Task Force Tells Fenty.”
Washington Post
, September 21, 2007.

Simon, Dan.
In Doubt: The Psychology of the Criminal Justice Process
. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.

Situationist
Staff. “The Situation of Donations.”
Situationist
, May 29, 2011.
http://thesituationist.wordpress.com/​2011/​05/29/the​-situation-of-donations/
.

Smith, Douglas A., Christy A. Visher, and Laura A. Davidson. “Equity and Discretionary Justice: The Influence of Race on Police Arrest Decisions.”
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
75, no.1 (1984): 234–49.

Sommers, Sam.
Situations Matter
. New York: Riverhead, 2011.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. “Appendix B: Tables of Model-Based Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia).” Accessed February 15, 2014.
http://www.oas.​samhsa.gov/​2k8state/​AppB.htm#TabB-9
.

“Sudan: Gang Rape Victim Found Guilty of ‘Indecent Acts.' ”
Sudan Tribune
, February 21, 2014.

“Suspect in Northern Liberties Shooting ID'd.”
ABC.com
, November 18, 2011.
http://abclocal.go.com/​wpvi/​story?section​=news/crime&id=8437751
.

Thompson, Tisha, and Rick Yarborough. “I-Team: Seeing Through the Smoke.”
NBC Washington
, August 27, 2013.
http://www.nbcwashington.com/​investigations/​I-Team-Seeing​-Through-the​-Smoke-220734681.html
.

USHistory.org
. “Brief History of William Penn.” Accessed February 8, 2014.
http://www.ushistory​.org/​penn/​bio.htm
.

Vergano, Dan. “Jamestown Cannibalism Confirmed by Skull from ‘Jane.' ”
USA Today
, May 1, 2013.

Wilber, Del Quentin, and Debbi Wilgoren. “Medical Condition Suspected at First in Journalist's Fall.”
Washington Post
, January 10, 2006.

Williams, Clarence, and Allan Lengel. “Report Faults Response to Assault.”
Washington Post
, June 16, 2006.

Willoughby, Charles J. Government of the District of Columbia, Office of the Inspector General.
Summary of Special Report: Emergency Response to the Assault on David E. Rosenbaum
. June 2006.

Zagefka, Hanna, Masi Noor, Rupert Brown, Georgina Randsley de Moura, and Tim Hopthrow. “Donating to Disaster Victims: Responses to Natural and Humanly Caused Events.”
European Journal of Social Psychology
41 (2011): 353–63.

2. DANGEROUS CONFESSIONS ~ THE DETECTIVE

Black, Lisa, and Ruth Fuller. “3rd Life Sentence for Girl's Murder.”
Chicago Tribune
, June 26, 2009.

Bram v. United States
. 168 U.S. 532 (1897).

Bruton v. United States
. 391 U.S. 123 (1968).

“Central Park Jogger (1989).”
New York Times
, October 3, 2012.

Chambers v. Florida
. 309 U.S. 227 (1940).

Colorado v. Connelly
. 479 U.S. 157 (1986).

Dervan, Lucian E., and Vanessa A. Edkins. “The Innocent Defendant's Dilemma: An Innovative Empirical Study of Plea Bargaining's Innocence Problem.”
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
103 (2013): 1–48.

Devers, Lindsey. U.S. Department of Justice.
Plea and Charge Bargaining
. January 24, 2011.

Drizin, Steven A., and Richard A. Leo. “The Problem of False Confessions in the Post-DNA World.”
North Carolina Law Review
82 (2004): 891–1007.

Frazier v. Cupp
. 394 U.S. 731 (1969).

Garrett, Brandon L.
Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong
. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.

Garrett, Brandon L. “Introduction:
New England Law Review
Symposium on ‘Convicting the Innocent.' ”
New England Law Review
46 (2012): 671–87.

Gross, Samuel R., Kristen Jacoby, Daniel J. Matheson, Nicholas Montgomery, and Sujata Patil. “Exonerations in the United States, 1989 Through 2003.”
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
95, no. 2 (2005): 523–60.

Guyll, Max, Stephanie Madon, Yueran Yang, Daniel G. Lannin, Kyle Scherr, and Sarah Greathouse. “Innocence and Resisting Confession During Interrogation: Effects on Physiologic Activity.”
Law and Human Behavior
37 (2013): 366–75.

Inbau, Fred E., John F. Reid, Joseph P. Buckley, and Brian C. Jayne.
Criminal Interrogation and Confessions
, 5th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones & Barlett Learning, 2013.

Innocence Project. “DNA Exonerations Nationwide.” Accessed May 6, 2014.
http://www.innocenceproject​.org/​Content/​DNA_Exonerations_Nationwide.php
.

Innocence Project. “James Ochoa.” Accessed May 6, 2014.
http://www.innocenceproject.org/​Content/​James_Ochoa​.php
.

Jones, Edward, and Victor Harris. “The Attribution of Attitudes.”
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
3 (1967): 1–24.

“Juan Rivera, Center on Wrongful Convictions.”
Northwestern Law
. Accessed May 6, 2014.
http://www.law.northwestern.edu/​legalclinic/​wrongfulconvictions​/exonerations/il​/juan-rivera.html
.

“Juan Rivera Exhibit 2.”
Northwestern Law
. Accessed May 5, 2014.
http://www.law.northwestern.edu/​legalclinic/​wrongfulconvictions/exonerations​/documents​/RiveraPCExhibit2.pdf
.

Karlsen, Carol F.
The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England
. New York: W. W. Norton, 1998.

Kassin, Saul M., Steven A. Drizin, Thomas Grisso, Gisli H. Gudjonsson, Richard A. Leo, and Allison D. Redlich. “Police-Induced Confessions: Risk Factors and Recommendations.”
Law and Human Behavior
34 (2010): 3–38.

Kassin, Saul M., and Gisli H. Gudjonsson. “The Psychology of Confessions: A Review of the Literature and Issues.”
Psychological Science in the Public Interest
5 (2004): 33–67.

Kassin, Saul M., Richard A. Leo, Christian A. Meissner, Kimberly D. Richman, Lori H. Colwell, Amy May-Leach, and Dana La Fon. “Police Interviewing and Interrogation: A Self-Report Survey of Police Practices and Beliefs.”
Law and Human Behavior
31 (2007): 381–400.

Kassin, Saul M., and Karlyn McNall. “Police Interrogations and Confessions: Communicating Promises and Threats by Pragmatic Implication.”
Law and Human Behavior
15 (1991): 233–51.

Kassin, Saul M., Christian A. Meissner, and Rebecca J. Norwick. “ ‘I'd Know a False Confession if I Saw One': A Comparative Study of College Students and Police Investigators.”
Law and Human Behavior
34 (2005): 211–27.

Langbein, John H. “Torture and Plea Bargaining.”
University of Chicago Law Review
46 (1978): 3–22.

Le, Phuong. “Testimony of Girl IDs Defendant in Slaying.”
Chicago Tribune
, September 18, 1998.

Leo, R. A. “The Third Degree and the Origins of Psychological Police Interrogation in the United States.” In
Interrogations, Confessions, and Entrapment
, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.

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