14
M. S. Rosell, P. N. Appleby, E. A. Spencer, and T. J. Key, “Soy Intake and Blood Cholesterol Concentrations: A Cross-sectional Study of 1033 Pre- and Postmenopausal Women in the Oxford Arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
80 (2004): 1391–96.
15
C. Nagata, N. Takatsuka, Y. Kurisu, and H. Shimizu, “Decreased Serum Total Cholesterol Concentration is Associated with High Intake of Soy Products in Japanese Men and Women,”
Journal of Nutrition
128 (1998): 209–13.
16
M. R. Law, N. J. Wald, and S. G. Thompson, “By How Much and How Quickly Does Reduction in Serum Cholesterol Concentration Lower Risk of Ischaemic Heart Disease?”
British Medical Journal
308 (1994): 367–72.
17
M. R. Law, N. J. Wald, T. Wu, A. Hackshaw, and A. Bailey, “Systematic Underestimation of Association between Serum Cholesterol Concentration and Ischaemic Heart Disease in Observational Studies: Data from the BUPA Study,”
British Medical Journal
308 (1994): 363–66.
18
D. J. Jenkins, C. W. Kendall, D. Faulkner, et al., “A Dietary Portfolio Approach to Cholesterol Reduction: Combined Effects of Plant Sterols, Vegetable Proteins, and Viscous Fibers in Hypercholesterolemia,”
Metabolism
51 (2002): 1596–604.
19
S. Desroches, J. F. Mauger, L. M. Ausman, A. H. Lichtenstein, and B. Lamarche, “Soy Protein Favorably Affects LDL Size Independently of Isoflavones in Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women.
Journal of Nutrition
134 (2004): 574–79.
20
X. Zhang, X. O. Shu, Y. T. Gao, et al., “Soy Food Consumption is Associated with Lower Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Chinese Women,”
Journal of Nutrition
133 (2003): 2874–78.
21
S. Sasazuki, “Case-Control Study of Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction in Relation to Selected Foods in Japanese Men and Women,”
Japanese Circulation Journal
65 (2001): 200–06.
22
Y. Kokubo, H. Iso, J. Ishihara, K. Okada, M. Inoue, and S. Tsugane, “Association of Dietary Intake of Soy, Beans, and Isoflavones with Risk of Cerebral and Myocardial Infarctions in Japanese Populations: The Japan Public Health Center-based (JPHC) Study Cohort I,”
Circulation
116 (2007): 2553–62.
23
W. Liang, A. H. Lee, C. W. Binns, R. Huang, D. Hu, and H. Shao, “Soy Consumption Reduces Risk of Ischemic Stroke: A Case-Control Study in Southern China,”
Neuroepidemiology
33 (2009): 111–16.
24
S. H. Li, X. X. Liu, Y. Y. Bai, et al., “Effect of Oral Isoflavone Supplementation on Vascular Endothelial Function in Postmenopausal Women: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
91 (2010): 480–86.
25
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Journal of the American Medical Association
288 (2002): 321–33.
26
D. F. Ma, L. Q. Qin, P. Y. Wang, and R. Katoh, “Soy Isoflavone Intake Increases Bone Mineral Density in the Spine of Menopausal Women: Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,”
Clinical Nutrition
27 (2008): 57–64.
27
K. Taku, M. K. Melby, J. Takebayashi, et al., “Effect of Soy Isoflavone Extract Supplements on Bone Mineral Density in Menopausal Women: Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,”
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
19 (2010): 33–42.
28
J. Liu, S. C. Ho, Y. X. Su, W. Q. Chen, C. X. Zhang, and Y. M. Chen, “Effect of Long-term Intervention of Soy Isoflavones on Bone Mineral Density in Women: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,”
Bone
44 (2009): 948–53.
29
W. P. Koh, A. H. Wu, R. Wang, et al., “Gender-Specific Associations between Soy and Risk of Hip Fracture in the Singapore Chinese Health Study,”
American Journal of Epidemiology
170 (2009): 901–09.
30
X. Zhang, X. O. Shu, H. Li, et al., “Prospective Cohort Study of Soy Food Consumption and Risk of Bone Fracture among Postmenopausal Women,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
165 (2005): 1890–95.
31
R. Bolanos, A. D. Castillo, and J. Francia, “Soy Isoflavones versus Placebo in the Treatment of Climacteric Vasomotor Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,”
Menopause: The Journal of the North American Menopause Society
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32
H. D. Nelson, K. K. Vesco, E. Haney, et al., “Nonhormonal Therapies for Menopausal Hot Flashes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
295 (2006): 2057–71.
33
L. G. Howes, J. B. Howes, and D. C. Knight, “Isoflavone Therapy for Menopausal Flushes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,”
Maturitas
55 (2006): 203–11.
34
H. Wiseman, K. Casey, E. A. Bowey, et al., “Influence of 10 Weeks of Soy Consumption on Plasma Concentrations and Excretion of Isoflavonoids and on Gut Microflora Metabolism in Healthy Adults,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
80 (2004): 692–99.
35
M. Messina and S. Barnes, “The Role of Soy Products in Reducing Risk of Cancer,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
83 (1991): 541–46.
36
Y. Folman and G. S. Pope, “The Interaction in the Immature Mouse of Potent Oestrogens with Coumestrol, Genistein and Other Utero-vaginotrophic Compounds of Low Potency,”
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34 (1966): 215–25.
37
Y. Folman and G. S. Pope, “Effect of Norethisterone Acetate, Dimethylstilboestrol, Genistein and Coumestrol on Uptake of [3H]oestradiol by Uterus, Vagina and Skeletal Muscle of Immature Mice,”
Journal of Endocrinology
44 (1969): 213–18.
38
P. Pisani, F. Bray, and D. M. Parkin, “Estimates of the Worldwide Prevalence of Cancer for 25 Sites in the Adult Population,”
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39
W. G. Helferich, J. E. Andrade, and M. S. Hoagland, “Phytoestrogens and Breast Cancer: A Complex Story,”
Inflammopharmacology
16 (2008): 219–26.
40
C. D. Allred, K. F. Allred, Y. H. Ju, T. S. Goeppinger, D. R. Doerge, and W. G. Helferich, “Soy Processing Influences Growth of Estrogen-Dependent Breast Cancer Tumors,”
Carcinogenesis
25 (2004): 1649–57.
41
M. Messina, D. I. Abrams, and M. Hardy, “Can Clinicians Now Assure Their Breast Cancer Patients That Soyfoods Are Safe?”
Womens Health
6 (2010): 335–38.
42
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43
X. O. Shu, Y. Zheng, H. Cai, et al., “Soy Food Intake and Breast Cancer Survival,”
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44
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45
M. Messina and A. H. Wu, “Perspectives on the Soy-Breast Cancer Relation,”
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89 (2009): S1673–S1679.
46
M. Messina and L. Hilakivi-Clarke, “Early Intake Appears to Be the Key to the Proposed Protective Effects of Soy Intake Against Breast Cancer,”
Nutrition and Cancer
61 (2009): 792–98.
47
Pisani, Bray, and Parkin, “Estimates of the Worldwide Prevalence of Cancer for 25 Sites in the Adult Population,” 72–81.
48
L. Yan and E. L. Spitznagel, “Soy Consumption and Prostate Cancer Risk in Men: A Revisit of a Meta-analysis,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
89 (2009): 1155–63.
49
L. Xu, Y. Ding, W. J. Catalona, et al., “MEK4 Function, Genistein Treatment, and Invasion of Human Prostate Cancer Cells,”
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
101 (2009): 1141–55.
50
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Journal of the American College of Nutrition
19 (2000): 242–55.
52
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21 (2006): 1036–43.
53
L. Zhao and R. D. Brinton, “WHI and WHIMS Follow-up and Human Studies of Soy Isoflavones on Cognition,”
Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
7 (2007): 1549–64.
54
D. R. Doerge and D. M. Sheehan, “Goitrogenic and Estrogenic Activity of Soy Isoflavones,”
Environmental Health Perspective
110, suppl. no. 3 (2002): 349–53.
55
M. Messina and G. Redmond, “Effects of Soy Protein and Soybean Isoflavones on Thyroid Function in Healthy Adults and Hypothyroid Patients: A Review of the Relevant Literature,”
Thyroid
16 (2006): 249–58.
56
A. Bitto, F. Polito, M. Atteritano, et al., “Genistein Aglycone Does Not Affect Thyroid Function: Results from a Three-Year, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial,”
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
95 (2010): 3067–72.
57
J. M. Hamilton-Reeves, G. Vazquez, S. J. Duval, W. R. Phipps, M. S. Kurzer, and M. J. Messina, “Clinical Studies Show No Effects of Soy Protein or Isoflavones on Reproductive Hormones in Men: Results of a Meta-analysis,”
Fertility and Sterility
94 (2010): 997–1007.
58
M. Messina, “Soybean Isoflavone Exposure Does Not Have Feminizing Effects on Men: A Critical Examination of the Clinical Evidence,”
Fertility and Sterility
93 (2010): 2095–2104.
59
J. E. Chavarro, T. L. Toth, S. M. Sadio, and R. Hauser, “Soy Food and Isoflavone Intake in Relation to Semen Quality Parameters Among Men from an Infertility Clinic,”
Human Reproduction
23 (2008): 2584–90.
60
M. Messina, “Soybean Isoflavone Exposure Does Not Have Feminizing Effects on Men,” 2095–2104.
61
M. L. Casini, S. Gerli, and V. Unfer, “An Infertile Couple Suffering from Oligospermia by Partial Sperm Maturation Arrest: Can Phytoestrogens Play a Therapeutic Role? A Case Report Study,”
Gynecological Endocrinology
22 (2006): 399–401.
62
M. Messina, C. Nagata, and A. H. Wu, “Estimated Asian Adult Soy Protein and Isoflavone Intakes,”
Nutrition and Cancer
55 (2006): 1–12.
63
Rand, Pellett, and Young, “Meta-analysis of Nitrogen Balance Studies,” 109–27.
64
M. Messina, Nagata, and Wu, “Estimated Asian Adult Soy Protein and Isoflavone Intakes,” 1–12.
CHAPTER 16
: WHY VEGAN?
2
Ian Duncan, “Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry: Is There a Lesson to Be Learned?”
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
4, no. 3 (2001): 207–21.
3
A. B. Webster, “Welfare Implications of Avian Osteoporosis,”
Poultry Science
83 (2004): 184–92.
7
Duncan, “Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry,” 207–21.
8
L. A. Gustafson, H. W. Cheng, J. P. Garner, E. A. Pajor, and J. A. Mench, “The Effects of Different Bill-Trimming Methods,”
Poultry Science
86 (2007): 1831–39.
9
Duncan, “Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry,” 207–21.
11
Duncan, “Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry,” 207–21.
13
E. A. Pajor, “Group Housing of Sows in Small Pens: Advantages, Disadvantages and Recent Research,” in
Proceedings: Symposium on Sow Housing and Well-being
, Des Moines, IA, June 5, 2002, ces.purdue.edu /pork/sowhousing/ swine_02.pdf.