War: What is it good for? (91 page)

military affairs, revolutions in:
81
–
82
,
86
,
121
,
126
,
142
,
199
,
252
,
318
–
19
,
326
;
see also
bronze arms and armor; discipline, military; firearms; fortifications; iron weapons; nuclear weapons; in Africa,
154
; American Revolution and,
210
–
11
; ancient,
81
,
86
,
142
,
173
; caging and,
87
–
88
,
88
; counterrevolution against,
134
–
39
; destabilization caused by,
93
–
94
; high-tech
(see
computerization, of war; robotics); horses and,
94
,
101
,
126
(see
also
cavalry; chariots); in Mesoamerica,
159
–
60
,
335
–
36
; migration and spread of,
150
–
52
; Red Queen Effect and,
85
–
87

Ming dynasty,
162
,
170
,
174
,
176
,
184
–
85

mining,
19
,
170
,
179
,
196
,
217
,
360

Minuteman missiles,
4

missionaries,
60
,
196

Mississippi Bubble,
191

Moche culture,
67
,
67
,
156
,
159

Moltke, Helmuth von (the Elder),
396
n

Moltke, Helmuth von (the Younger),
246
–
47
,
249

Mombasa (Kenya),
192

Mongolia,
115
,
183
,
261
,
330
,
363

Mongols,
133
,
162
,
170
,
173
,
174
,
176
,
180
; carnage of battles of,
145
; disintegration of kingdoms of,
178
; guns used in Chinese rebellion against,
169
; Japan repels invasions by,
151
; Russian defeat of,
177
; weapons designed by Chinese engineers for,
143
–
44

Monitor
(ironclad ship),
221

Mons (Belgium),
147

Monte Albán,
67

Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard Law,
19

Moors,
129

Morocco,
136
,
163
,
245

Morozov, Evgeny,
380

Morris, Desmond,
310

Mozambique,
192

Mughal Empire,
182
–
83
,
198
–
200
,
229
,
230

Muhammad,
135

Munich agreement,
7
n

murder,
12
–
14
,
16
,
44
,
99
,
343
; in ancient empires,
40
,
45
,
59
,
69
–
70
,
93
,
113
,
117
,
128
–
29
; in British Empire,
240
–
41
,
352
; by chimpanzees,
288
,
312
; of civilians by Nazis,
23
,
54
,
266
–
67
; in Denmark,
333
; in early-modern Europe,
12
–
13
, 201–202; in hunter-gatherer societies,
14
,
56
,
59
; mass, war as,
7
,
12
,
14
,
262
,
271
,
338
; in Middle Ages,
145
–
46
; prehistoric,
316
; by terrorists,
348
–
49
; in United States,
231
,
276
,
332
; World War I precipitated by,
236

Murray, Lieutenant,
228
,
231

Muscovy,
177

muskets,
174
,
177
,
182
–
83
,
185
–
88
,
96
,
213
,
221
,
222

Muslims,
136
,
138
,
251
;
see also
Islam, Islamists

Mutapa,
179
,
196

mutual assured destruction (MAD),
280
,
340
,
376

Muziris (India),
74

Myanmar,
361

Mysore Oriental Library,
70

Naam, Ramez,
387
–
88

Nagasaki, atomic bombing of,
7
,
273

Naissus,
113
,
143

Naked Ape, The
(Morris),
310

Nandas,
107

Nanjing,
262

nanotechnology,
364
,
382
,
387

Napoleon, Emperor of the French,
see
Bonaparte, Napoleon

Nash, John,
325

National Broadcasting Company (NBC),
280

National Geographic
,
288

National Intelligence Council,
367
,
379
,
387

nationalism,
347

Native Americans,
156
,
161
,
204
,
219
; diseases decimating populations of,
193
–
95
,
226
; horses and,
162
; massacres in wars among,
62
,
161
; misinterpretations of attitudes toward violence of,
157
; slaughtered by colonists,
8
,
226
; weapons of,
159

natural selection,
304

Navajo,
150

Nazis,
23
,
266
–
69
,
278
,
364

Neanderthals,
311
–
14
,
316
,
317
,
383

Nehru, Jawaharlal,
258

Nemesis
(steamship),
218

Nepal,
232

Nero,
43

Netherlands,
114
,
187
–
90
,
192
,
197
,
206
,
209
,
234
; Arnhem Zoo,
290
; colonization by,
195
–
97

neuroscience,
380
–
82

New Digital Age, The
(Schmidt and Cohen),
379

New Guinea,
58
,
82
,
84
,
316

New Mexico,
161

New York,
195
,
251
,
268
,
332

New York Times
,
257
,
273

New Zealand,
149
,
219
,
260
; wealth in,
335

Nexus
(Naam),
387
–
88

Ngogo War,
289
,
291
,
291

Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia,
234

Nicolelis, Miguel,
382
,
383

Nicopolis,
143

Niger,
386

Nigeria,
63

Nile Delta,
100

Nile Valley,
152
,
163

Nishapur (Persia),
145

Nixon, Richard,
269
,
282
,
285
,
356

Nobel Prize,
382
; for Peace,
234
,
343
,
345

Nobunaga, Oda,
151

nomads,
102
,
117
–
20
,
125
–
28
,
130
–
31
,
141
–
44
,
151
,
162
,
183
,
242
,
322
–
23

Nomonhan, Battle of,
263

Normandy,
136
,
171

Normans,
135

North, Douglass,
206

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
279
,
283
–
84
,
286
,
329
,
330
,
344

Northern Wei kingdom,
140

North Korea,
352
,
355
,
362
,
363

Norway,
279

nouveaux riches,
206

Nubians,
152

Nuceria,
28
,
40

nuclear weapons,
3
–
5
,
9
,
333
,
350
,
385
; campaigns against,
6
,
281
,
321
,
391
; Cold War strategies and
279
–
80
,
284
–
86
,
325
,
328
–
29
,
436
n
; in Middle East,
347
,
352
,
353

Nye, Joseph,
49

“Nylon War, The” (Riesman),
327

Oahu,
149
–
50

Obama, Barack,
345
,
349
,
350
,
361

Octavian,
see
Augustus

Odo, Count,
137

Odtaa,
132

oil,
188
,
222
,
285
,
336
,
363
,
364
; Middle Eastern,
285
,
346
–
50
,
352
,
353

Olmec culture,
67

Olson, Mancur,
44
,
129

open-access order,
206
–
207
,
209
–
11
,
214
,
268
,
383
,
386
–
87
; British,
215
,
225
,
239
–
40
,
272
,
338
; economic growth and,
261
; invisible hand and invisible fist in,
385
–
86
; of United States,
269
,
275
,
338
,
386
; World War II and,
269
–
70

Operation Bagration,
271

Operation Cobra,
271

Opium War,
218
–
19

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),
364
,
365

Orgetorix,
80
n

Origins of Political Order, The
(Fukuyama),
62

Orwell, George,
260

Ottomans,
172
,
177
–
78
,
182
–
85
,
345

Owen, Wilfred,
249

Oxford (England),
170

Oxford University,
381

Pacific Rim,
360
; medieval,
148

Pacifist's Dilemma,
319
–
24

Paine, Thomas,
208
,
231

pair-bonding,
309
,
311

Pakistan,
67
,
88
,
92
,
107
,
136
; drone strikes in,
370
,
372
; Islamists in,
349
; nuclear weapons of,
376
; sculptures of Kushan mounted archers in,
121
; United States and,
362
,
363

Palestina,
38

Palestine,
256

Palmerston, Lord,
345

Panipat, Battle of,
182

Paraguay,
232

Pargeter, Edith (Ellis Peters),
146
–
47

Paris,
15
–
16
,
137
,
197

Parthian Empire,
67
,
68
,
74
,
111
,
232

Pataliputra (India),
71
,
108
,
109
,
133
,
336

Patel, Amit,
395
n

Pattanam (India),
74

Paul, Saint,
50
,
395
n

Pax Americana,
340
–
41
,
363
,
386
,
390

Pax Britannica,
225
–
34
,
338
,
341
,
363

Pax Chacoa,
161

Pax Indica,
70

Pax Romana,
39
–
43
,
46
,
69

Pax Sinica,
69
,
106

Pax Technologica,
386
,
390

Peacock Throne,
183
,
198

Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on,
268

peasants,
77
,
183
,
229
; in ancient empires,
103
,
105
,
116
,
119
,
128
; communist oppression of,
258
,
354
; industrialization and migration into cities of,
334
,
355
; in Middle Ages,
134
–
35
,
142

People's Republic of China,
183
,
279
,
327
,
334
,
355
–
65
,
392
; Communist Party of,
360
; Cultural Revolution in,
356
; Nixon in,
269
,
356
; nuclear weapons of,
370
,
391
; Tiananmen Square crisis in,
358