What the Dog Knows (44 page)

Interviews and correspondence for this chapter include those with Mike Baker; Roy and Suzie Ferguson; Kevin George; Lisa Higgins and her granddaughter Haylee; Kathy Holbert; Nancy Hook; Marcia Koenig; Roxye Marshall; Paul Martin; Joe Mayers of the Louisiana Search and Rescue Dog Team; Lisa Mayhew; and Andy Rebmann. I was also able to observe handlers and trainers at several seminars and sheriff K9 trainings.

Books and articles important to this chapter include
Cadaver Dog Handbook
, especially pages 151–162, on water recovery, as well as Marcia Koenig's piece, “Water Search on the Iowa River,”
NASAR Newsletter
5, no. 5, 1988: 11–15.

A podcast of Lisa Higgins talking to cadaver-dog handlers, “EPISODE19—NSDA-POD Cast Water Human Remains Recovery” (January 23, 2011), is available at
http://recordings.talkshoe.com/TC-21763/TS-438866.mp3
.

In addition to interviews, I used press accounts for the drowning cases in this chapter. Although many news accounts used victims' names, I chose not to identify them for privacy reasons and lack of relevance to this project. Material for the section on Afghanistan, along with interviews, included a PowerPoint presentation about the recovery that included photographs of Strega working the river; the written report on the recovery; and news articles from the Associated Press and the BBC, among others.

Interviews and correspondence for this chapter include those with Joan Andreasen-Webb, Ken Furton, Paul Martin, Nick Montanarelli, and Arpad Vass.

This chapter depended greatly on news accounts, scientific articles, and technical reports, patent applications, and grants on animals and machines, including “The Use of Arthropods as Personnel Detectors,” by Clyde S. Barnhart Sr., Defense Technical Information Center, U.S. Army Land Warfare Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland (August 1968); “Mimicking the Human Smell Sensing Mechanism with an Artificial Nose Platform,” by Sang Hun Lee, Oh Seok Kwon, Hyun Seok Song, Seon Joo Park, Jong Hwan Sung, Jyongsik Jangb, and Tai Hyun Parka,
Biomaterials
33, 2012: 1,722–1,729; “JIEDDO: The Manhattan Project That Bombed,” by Peter Cary and Nancy Youssef, Center for Public Integrity Report (March 27, 2011; updated August 10, 2011),
http://www.publicintegrity.org/2011/03/27/3799/jieddo-manhattan-project-bombed
; “Technology Falls Short in the War Against IEDs,” by Sandra Erwin,
National Defense Magazine
blog post (October 20, 2010),
http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/blog/lists/posts/post.aspx?ID=221
, accessed February 2012.

The section on the disastrous “search vultures” of Germany depended on reporting from
Der Spiegel
, ABC News, the United Kingdom's
Daily Mail
, and
Popular Science
, among other news media. The peer-reviewed research on avian olfaction is somewhat limited. UCLA professor emeritus of physiology Bernice Wenzel noted with pluck that avian olfaction “has been a small but persistent research topic for the last half century” in her piece “Avian Olfaction: Then and Now,”
Journal of
Ornithology
148, 2007: 191–194. David Malakoff provided an overview of the topic in
Science
magazine: “Following the Scent of Avian Olfaction,”
Science
286, no. 5440, October 22, 1999: 704–705,
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/286/5440/704
, accessed May 2012. Famous ornithologist Kenneth Stager reported the role of turkey vultures in the natural gas industry in the 1930s in his publication
The Role of Olfaction in Food Location by the Turkey Vulture
(Cathartes Aura) (Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum, 1964). The article from German scientists using rabbit corpses for their study was titled “An Electronic Body-tracking Dog?” by C. Hädrich, C. Ortmann, R. Reisch, G. Liebing, H. Ahlers, and G. Mall,
International Journal of Legal Medicine
124, 2010: 43–47. The FBI study on clandestine graves is “Advanced Scientific Methods and Procedures in the Forensic Investigation of Clandestine Graves,” by Daniel O. Larson, Arpad A. Vass, and Marc Wise,
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
27, no. 2, 2011: 149–182.

The section on Vass's sniffer machine, the LABRADOR, used the following: “LABRADOR: New Alpha Dog in Human Remains Detection?” by Douglas Page,
Forensic Magazine
(June 10, 2010),
http://www.forensicmag.com/article/labrador-new-alpha-dog-human-remains-detection
, accessed January 2012; and “A New Forensics Tool: Development of an Advanced Sensor for Detecting Clandestine Graves,” by Arpad Vass, Cyril V. Thompson, and Marc Wise, U.S. Department of Justice Grant Final Report no. 231197, July 2010,
www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/231197.pdf
, accessed January 2012.

Interviews, correspondence, personal communication, on-site observation, and personal experience for this chapter include those with Mary Cablk; Chris Chia; cadaver-dog handler Ann Christensen; Edward David; genealogist Pat Franklin; cadaver-dog handler Charm Gentry; Suzi Goodhope; cadaver-dog handler Gwen Hancock; Lisa Higgins; Kathy Holbert; cadaver-dog handler Lisa Lepsch; genealogist May MacCallum; Paul Martin; Thomasville assistant city manager Kha McDonald; Deborah Palman; Thomas County Historical Society curator Ephraim J. Rotter; Mississippi archaeologist John M. Sullivan; Arpad Vass; and Jefferson County, Kentucky, coroner Barbara Weakley-Jones.

Nehemiah Cleaveland, author of the epigraph, was a tutor and historian of Bowdoin College. His book,
Green-wood Illustrated
(New York: R. Martin, 1987), is on the rural cemeteries of America,
http://books.google.com/books/about/Green_wood_illustrated.html?id=Zd4TAAAAYAAJ
, accessed June 2012. One of the most evocative and helpful academic articles for this chapter was Cornell University history professor Aaron Sachs's work “American Arcadia: Mount Auburn Cemetery and the Nineteenth-Century Landscape Tradition,”
Environmental History
15, no. 2, 2010: 206–235.

The Old Spanish Trail research is a work in progress. Mary Cablk and Barbara Holz-Montemayor have done work on one site there: “Preliminary Findings from Research at a Lander Site in Southern Nevada,” Desert Research Institute report, June 8, 2010. Mary is continuing that research and working on permits to excavate.

A group of archaeologists and cadaver-dog handlers are also working in several areas where prehistoric mound builders created the North American equivalent of the pyramids. There's a great little video, “The Lost Worlds of Georgia,” written and directed by Gary C. Daniels, that shows the Mississippian mounds in the Southeast, at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TuAlBcmKbPY
. The following were also helpful: “Cadaver Dogs as Part of the Archaeological Survey Process, Preliminary Results from Phase I: Mississippi Spring 2011,” by Paul Martin; “Best Practices for the Use of Cadaver Dogs to Locate Cold Case, Historical, and Pre-historical Burials,” by Paul Martin and John M. Sullivan, paper presented at the National Association for Search and Rescue National Conference, Little Rock, Arkansas, 2009; and “Using Canines as a Remote Sensing Tool: What Archaeologists Can Learn From SAR Dogs,” by Heather Roche, unpublished paper, May 2005.

The section on Thomasville prison depended on, among other sources, notes from Ephraim Rotter, which included a short account of the twelve-day prison camp, “Prisoner of War Camp/Histories Folder”; William Smith Brown, in his
Harper's New Monthly Magazine
article, “The Winter Climatic Resorts of Three Continents,” January 1887: 868–876, extolled the virtues of Thomasville, Georgia. Lessel Long's moving account of Andersonville and Thomasville,
Twelve Months in Andersonville: On the March—In the Battle—In the Rebel Prison Pens, and at Last in God's Country
(Huntington, IN: Thad and Mark Butler, 1886), can be accessed through the Library of Congress:
http://archive.org/details/twelvemonthsinan01long
. A few photos of the current site of the Thomasville prison camp can be found at
http://www.civilwaralbum.com/misc12/thomasville1.htm
. J. David Hacker's quote comes from his Opinionator blog post in the
New York Times
, “Recounting the Dead,” September 20, 2011,
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead/
, accessed June 2012.

One of the most visible teams working on historic remains is the Institute for Canine Forensics,
http://www.k9forensic.org/
.

The section on West Virginia included Creighton Lee Calhoun's research on Southern apples,
Old Southern Apples, Revised and Expanded Edition: A Comprehensive History and Description of Varieties for Collectors, Growers, and Fruit Enthusiasts
(White Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2010). Historian Wilma A. Dunaway looked at slavery in the mountain states in her book,
The African-American Family in Slavery and Emancipation
(Cambridge University Press, 2003), 13.

The section on South Carolina depended on numerous online genealogies and ancestry records, as well as family letters and lore.

This chapter depends greatly on personal observations and communications but also on a relatively new field of research best described as working-canine epidemiology. Interviews and personal communications include those with Mike Baker; Dr. Wendi Dick, director of environmental health, pre-9/11 and post-deployment, with the Office of Public Health, in the Veterans Health Administration; Dr. David F. Goldsmith, associate research professor of environmental and occupational health at George Washington University; retired Durham Police K9 Officer Danny Gooch; Deak Helton; Kathy Holbert; Nancy Hook; former K9 Officer Sean Kelly; Larry Myers; Dr. Michael Peterson, chief consultant post-deployment health, Office of Public Health, in the Veterans Health Administration; and Steve and Sandy Sprouse.

Among the articles, conference papers, and poster sessions helpful for this topic was “Animal Sentinels for Environmental and Public Health,” by John S. Reif,
Public Health Reports
126, supplement 1, 2011: 50–57; the foundational article on military working-dog health is “Excess of Seminomas Observed in Vietnam Service U.S. Military Working Dogs,” by Howard M. Hayes, Robert E. Tarone, Harold W. Casey, and David L. Huxsoll,
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
82, no. 12, 1990: 1,042–1,046; “Military Working Dogs Are Sentinels for Exposures and Disease Risks Among Deployed Veterans,” by David F. Goldsmith, poster session for the International Society for Exposure Science, October 23–27, 2011, Baltimore, Maryland; “Incidence of Zoonotic Diseases in Military Working Dogs Serving in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm,” by Kay D. Burkman,
George E. Moore, and Michael R. Peterson,
Military Medicine
166, no. 2, 2001: 108–111; “Medical Surveillance of Search Dogs Deployed to the World Trade Center and Pentagon: 2001–2006,” by Cynthia M. Otto, Amanda B. Downend, George E. Moore, Joanne K. Daggy, D. Lauren Ranivand, Jennifer A. Reetz, and Scott D. Fitzgerald,
Journal of Environmental Health
73, no. 2, 2010: 12–21; “Pathology and Toxicology Findings for Search-and-Rescue Dogs Deployed to the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attack Sites: Initial Five-Year Surveillance,” by Scott D. Fitzgerald, Wilson K. Rumbeiha, W. Emmett Braselton, Amanda B. Downend, and Cynthia M. Otto,
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation
20, 2008: 477–484;
Polluted Pets Summary
, by Olga Naidenko, Rebecca Sutton, and Jane Houlihan, an Environmental Working Group report, April 2008,
http://www.ewg.org/reports/pets
, accessed August 2012; and “Do Environmental Pollutants Cause Cancer in Dogs?” by Sophia Yin,
The Bark
44, September/October 2007,
http://thebark.com/content/do-environmental-pollutants-cause-cancer-dogs
, accessed June 2012.

This chapter includes interviews, personal communication, and correspondence with Joan Andreasen-Webb; Mike Baker; Kathy Holbert; Nancy Hook; retired Durham Sheriff K9 Sergeant Rick Keller; Lisa Mayhew; Steve Sprouse; and members of the Durham Sheriff and Durham Police Department K9 units.

A textbook that was enormously helpful for this chapter was
Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition
, by Ádám Miklósi (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). Miklósi is head of the Department of Ethology at the Eötvös University in Budapest, and one of the pioneers of modern dog research.

The Patricia McConnell quote on sex differences appeared in her thoughtful piece “What Are the Differences Between Male and Female Dogs?” in
The Bark
, April 15, 2009,
http://www.thebark.com/content/gender-gap
, accessed August 2012.

The work that Temple Grandin did in her lab at Colorado State University on cattle and whorls on their foreheads, “Cattle with Hair Whorl Patterns Above the Eyes Are More Behaviorally Agitated During Restraint,” by Temple Grandin, Mark J. Deesing, J. J. Struthers, and Ann M. Swinker, appeared in
Applied Animal Behaviour Science
46, 1995: 117–123. Lisa Tomkins riffed off that work with “Lateralization in the Domestic Dog (
Canis Familiaris
): Relationships Between Structural, Motor, and Sensory Laterality,” by Lisa M. Tomkins, Kent A. Williams, Peter C. Thomson, and Paul D. McGreevy,
Journal of Veterinary Behavior
7, no. 2,
2012: 70–79; and “Behavioral and Physiological Predictors of Guide Dog Success,” by Lisa Tomkins, Peter C. Thomson, and Paul D. McGreevy,
Journal of Veterinary Behavior
6, no. 3, 2011: 178–187. Some video and explanation of Tomkins's work can be viewed on the archives of the
Catalyst
show of Australia's ABC: “Left Paw Right Paw,”
http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/3465535.htm
.