When They Come for Us, We'll Be Gone: The Epic Struggle to Save Soviet Jewry (92 page)

[>]
 "
We had to speak":
Ibid.
On the last day:
Ibid.

11. Trial and Exile

[>]
But on the nine-month anniversary:
Account of Shcharansky prison time from author interview with him;
Refusenik
transcript; Sharansky,
Fear No Evil.

[>]
 "
What's the use":
Sharansky,
Fear No Evil,
40.
Tsypin wrote in:
Tsypin's denunciation letter in Gilbert,
Shcharansky,
197.

[>]
 
But the headline:
Robert C. Toth, "Russia Indirectly Reveals 'State Secrets,'"
Los Angeles Times,
November 22, 1976.
"
Blessed are you":
Sharansky,
Fear No Evil,
50.

[>]
 "
What do you think":
Ibid., 170.
Everyone was interrogated:
Details on the interrogations from author interview with Dina Beilin.

[>]
 "
On the surface":
"Appeal by 250 Soviet Jewish Activists to the Knesset and All Jewish Communities Throughout the World," March 1977, reprinted in Drachman,
Challenging the Kremlin,
261–62.
A group of refuseniks:
Quoted in Gilbert,
Shcharansky,
198.

[>]
 
It was this combination:
Description of June 1, 1978, protest from author interviews with Ida Nudel and Vladimir and Masha Slepak;
Refusenik
transcript of Masha Slepak interview; Potok,
Gates of November,
191–97; Nudel,
Hand in the Darkness,
145–58.

[>]
 
At Ida Nudel's trial:
Trial described in Nudel,
Hand in the Darkness,
160–64.
"
I am being tried":
"Nudel's Final Plea" in
Chronicle of Human Rights in the USSR
30 (April-June 1978): 26, reprinted in Drachman,
Challenging the Kremlin,
291–92.

[>]
 "
No, it's all right":
Potok,
Gates of November,
195.

[>]
 
In a meeting:
Excerpt from the minutes of a Politburo session in Moscow, June 22, 1978, in Morozov,
Documents,
228–29.
Two weeks later:
Trial described in Sharansky,
Fear No Evil,
184–226;
Jerusalem Post
staff,
Anatoly and Avital,
129–42; Gilbert,
Shcharansky,
231–76.

[>]
 "
Not to be allowed":
"The Shcharansky Trial,"
Time,
July 24, 1978.

[>]
"
In March and April":
"Next Year in Jerusalem,"
New York Times,
July 15, 1978.

[>]
 
She gained many friends:
Description of Avital's campaign in
Refusenik
transcript of interview with Avital Sharansky;
Jerusalem Post
staff,
Anatoly and Avital,
71–75, 101–02; Avital Shcharansky,
Next Year.

[>]
 "
I would love to talk":
Gilbert,
Shcharansky,
140.
Whenever the refuseniks:
Levanon laid out his negative views on Anatoly and Avital Shcharansky in Levanon,
Code Name,
474–79.
Once, at a meeting:
Ibid.

[>]
 
The octogenarian: Refusenik
transcript of interview with Avital Sharansky.
"
Now as I look back":
Avital Shcharansky,
Next Year,
121–22.

[>]
 "
How everything has":
Gilbert,
Shcharansky,
182–83.
He praised her: American Jewish Yearbook
80 (1980): 127.

[>]
 
In an article:
Sally Quinn, "Avital Shcharansky and the Politics of Sorrow,"
Washington Post,
July 20, 1978.

[>]
 
In the last week:
"The Shcharansky Trial,"
Time,
July 24, 1978.
"
Our expression":
"Political Letter of Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly F. Dobrynin," July 11, 1978, in virtual archive of Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.

[>]
 "
The Russians are":
Paul Hofmann, "Many Russian Jews 'Drop Out' in Vienna,"
New York Times,
August 12, 1979.
"
It amounts to evaluating":
"An Open Letter to United States Representative Vanik, by Prof. Alexander Lerner, Moscow, March 26, 1979, dictated to Michael Sherbourne, London" in Drachman,
Challenging the Kremlin,
450–52.

[>]
 "
human rights is not":
Eugene Gold, "Letter: On Soviet Trade Credits; Why Alter Jackson-Vanik Amendment?,"
New York Times,
April 26, 1979.

[>]
 
On the morning of:
Description of release from prison from author interviews with Kuznetsov and Dymshits.
Nehemiah Levanon showed:
Author interview with Eduard Kuznetsov.

[>]
 "
I have never rejected":
Eduard Kuznetsov, "Flight from the Gulag,"
New York Times Magazine,
April 27, 1980.

[>]
Natalia Khassina, the woman:
Dan Fisher, "Soviets Now Barring Many from Emigrating, Jews Say,"
Los Angeles Times,
October 9, 1979.
Volodya Slepak spent:
Description of Slepak's exile from author interview;
Refusenik
transcript; Potok,
Gates of November,
199–227.

[>]
 "
Our life here":
Potok,
Gates of November,
222.
Ida Nudel had it:
Description of Nudel's exile from author interview with her; Nudel,
Hand in the Darkness,
185–238.
"
I become silent":
Nudel,
Hand in the Darkness,
191.

[>]
 "
The theory that has":
Kaufman,
Henry M. Jackson,
390.

[>]
 "
What is essential now":
Anthony Austin, "Sakharov Proposes Soviet Withdrawal,"
New York Times,
January 3, 1980.
"
The question of Sakharov":
Politburo Meeting of January 3, 1980, in Rubenstein and Gribanov, eds.,
KGB File,
247.
In October of 1978:
Description of meeting in prison from author interviews with Natan Sharansky, Hillel Butman, Yosef Mendelevich; described in Sharansky,
Fear No Evil,
240–41, 252–54.

[>]
 
Shcharansky lay down:
Sharansky,
Fear No Evil,
270–71.

[>]
 "
The day after I received":
Gilbert,
Shcharansky,
332.

12. Hopelessness

[>]
 
But no island was:
Story of Ovrazhki from author interviews with Kosharovsky, Begun, Volvovsky, Prestin, Abramovich, and Vladimir Slepak.

[>]
 "
Assuming the role":
Memorandum from Andropov to the CPSU Central Committee in Morozov,
Documents,
238–39.

[>]
 
Emigration numbers:
All figures from Action for Post-Soviet Jewry, reprinted in Lazin,
Struggle for Soviet Jewry,
309.

[>]
"
As President I would":
Ronald Reagan to Henry Jackson, October 24, 1980, quoted in Kaufman,
Henry M. Jackson,
401–02.

[>]
 
Jackson was eventually:
1980 presidential campaign in ibid., 392–408.

[>]
 "
I do not need":
Kevin Klose, "Sakharov Defies Soviets,"
Washington Post,
January 29, 1980.

[>]
 
Brailovsky had stopped:
Biographical information on Brailovsky and state of
kulturniki
activities from author interview with him; interview with Brailovsky by Aba Taratuta at the Remember and Save website; Gilbert,
Jews of Hope,
139–47.

[>]
 "
Today is the first":
"Soviet Jews Prevented from Meeting,"
New York Times,
November 24, 1980.
When they did:
Biographical information on Aba Taratuta from author interview with him.
But nothing welded:
Origin of the seminar from author interview with Taratuta, Gorodezky, Beizer, and Vasserman.

[>]
 
The day the KGB:
Leningrad seminar crackdown described in Gilbert,
Jews of Hope,
7–12; Lein,
Lest We Forget,
5–9.
The last thing:
Lein,
Lest We Forget,
9.
"
At last a door":
Quoted in ibid., 37.

[>]
 
Misha Beizer:
Biographical information on Beizer and details about his tours and the Leningrad Jewish Almanac from author interview with him;
Refusenik
transcript of his interview; Gilbert,
Jews of Hope,
32–42.

[>]
 
One of the more:
Biographical information on Gorodezky and details of his activities from author interview with him.

[>]
 
Ida experienced this:
Nudel's problems after exile from author interview with her; Nudel,
Hand in the Darkness,
240–73.

[>]
 
Ivanov, strangely:
Relationship with Ivanov detailed in ibid., 110–12, 241–43.

[>]
 
Toward the end:
Biographical information on Kosharovsky and details of his activity from author interview with him;
Refusenik
transcript of interview with Kosharovsky.

[>]
 
These emissaries set up:
Details of Hebrew teaching network from author interviews with Kosharovsky and Kholmiansky;
Refusenik
transcript of interview with Yuli Edelstein.

[>]
 
The reason given:
Serge Schmemann, "U.S.-Shunned Moscow Book Fair Opens,"
New York Times,
September 3, 1981.

[>]
 
Despite the fact:
"A Top Cop Takes the Helm,"
Time,
November 22, 1982.
This was the same:
Andropov to Central Committee, December 29, 1975, in Rubenstein and Gribanov, eds.,
KGB File,
207–12.

[>]
 
In a speech:
"Report by Andropov at 21st December Kremlin Session," BBC World Broadcast, Sixtieth Anniversary of the USSR, SU/7215/C/1.
It was Yosef:
Biographical information on Yosef Begun and details of his arrests from author interview with him;
Refusenik
transcript of interview with Yosef Begun; English summary of unpublished memoir provided to author by Begun.

[>]
The news of the group:
The formation and development of the committee is detailed in Freedman,
Soviet Jewry,
26–50.
During the Doctors':
The letter, including Dragunsky's name, is reproduced in Brent and Naumov,
Stalin's Last Crime,
300–05.
Zionism, Dragunsky wrote: Pravda,
April 1, 1983, quoted in Freedman,
Soviet Jewry,
28.
"
The Zionist ringleaders":
Ibid.

[>]
 "
For me, a mother":
Serge Schmemann, "8 Soviet Jews Seek to Combat Zionism,"
New York Times,
April 2, 1983.
The propaganda onslaught:
June 6, 1983, press conference detailed in Freedman,
Soviet Jewry,
31–35.

[>]
 
Referring to the Lebanon:
Serge Schmemann, "Soviet Says the Jews Who Asked to Leave Have Largely Gone,"
New York Times,
June 7, 1983.
Billing himself as an expert:
Quotes from Korneyev in Dusko Duder, "Soviet Book Assails Jews,"
Washington Post,
June 30, 1983.

[>]
 
In it, he explained:
Memorandum from V. Chebrikov to the CPSU Central Committee in Morozov,
Documents,
244–45.

[>]
 
But then there was:
Biographical information on Essas and the details of his religious revival from author interview with him; Zakon,
Silent Revolution.

[>]
"
Right now, you are not":
Zakon,
Silent Revolution,
46.

[>]
Essas soon connected:
Biographical information on Grisha Vasserman and details of his activities from author interview with him.

[>]
 
It was now illegal:
Description of the additions to the criminal code in Korey,
Promises We Keep,
164–65.

[>]
 
Sasha Kholmiansky:
Details of his arrest from author interview with him.

[>]
 
Yuli Edelstein, the youngest:
Details of his arrest from
Refusenik
transcript.
"
We call on you":
"Appeal for Urgent Action by Distraught Refuseniks," December 23, 1984, printed in the
Jewish Advocate,
January 17, 1985, and reprinted in Drachman,
Challenging the Kremlin,
322–24.

13. Pawns Again

[>]
 
As German chancellor:
"Ending an Era of Drift,"
Time,
March 15, 1985.
Because Bush was taking:
First encounter with Gorbachev described in Shultz,
Turmoil and Triumph,
528–33.

[>]
 "
Understand," Bush told:
Ibid., 531.
As he told:
Ibid., 332–33.
Writing in
Time: Strobe Talbott, "Both Continuity and Vitality,"
Time,
March 25, 1985.