5 Steps to a 5 AP Psychology, 2010-2011 Edition (80 page)

21. C—
(
Chapter 18
) Social facilitation. The chef, a master at his trade, will increase his productivity before an audience. Social facilitation occurs for well-learned tasks; an audience will positively affect one’s performance.

22. A—
(
Chapter 7
) Cell body. This is the part of the neuron that contains DNA in the nucleus, which directs synthesis of such substances as neurotransmitters.

23. C—
(
Chapter 13
) Integrity versus despair. Erikson has eight crisis stages, and the eighth occurs in old age. This is an example of despair.

24. B—
(
Chapter 12
) Facial expressions have been shown in cross-cultural studies by Paul Ekman and others to be the single most reliable indicator of emotions. Six emotions are understood universally.

25. E—
(
Chapter 13
) Environments. Identical twins share the same DNA, so any difference in their behavior must be attributable to the separate environments in which they grew up.

26. C—
(
Chapter 6
) Avoiding use of animals when computers are available. Although animals must be treated humanely, animals may be used in research studies when computer simulations are inadequate.

27. C—
(
Chapter 16
) ADD, or attention deficit disorder, is an academic skills disorder listed in DSM-IV. Children with ADD are easily distracted and may not perform up to their capability. Dramatic changes are sometimes found when a stimulant like Ritalin in used in treatment.

28. A—
(
Chapter 18
) Believe more strongly in capital punishment. Joan will succumb to group polarization, which occurs when like-minded people reinforce each other’s opinions, so that any one person’s is stronger than it was prior to the chat room.

29. A—
(
Chapter 11
) Provide more retrieval cues. Because the correct answer is among the incorrect ones, some find it much easier to answer multiple choice questions. Fill-in and completion questions give no hints and the student must retrieve answers without these.

30. A—
(
Chapter 10
) Acquisition trials. In classical conditioning, after repeated pairings of the CS and UCS, acquisition, or learning, occurs when the CS reliably produces the CR when the UCS is not presented.

31. A—
(
Chapter 13
) Preoperational. Between the ages of 2 and 6, kids are egocentric and learn through trial and error, according to Piaget. They are not yet capable of logical thought.

32. B—
(
Chapter 7
) Reflex. Blinking, sneezing, and flinching are all reflexive behaviors. When an object comes too close to our eyes or there is pepper under our nose, we will automatically blink or sneeze.

33. D—
(
Chapter 17
) Rational Emotive Therapy or RET, developed by Albert Ellis, is a cognitive-behavioral treatment effective with pessimistic clients like Stephen, whose problems might stem from irrational and illogical thought patterns. RET is a somewhat combative approach that counters illogical assumptions like Stephen’s, that since he has two divorces, no woman will ever love him again.

34. C—
(
Chapter 12
) An approach-approach conflict is characterized by a decision that must be made between two attractive options. If Delia views both prestigious colleges as attractive, her decision involves approach-approach conflict.

35. A—
(
Chapter 9
) Consciousness. Alpha waves are produced when a subject is relaxed and beta waves are characteristic of an alert state of consciousness.

36. B—
(
Chapter 13
) Continuity vs. discontinuity is a controversy over whether human growth patterns follow a gradual, steady course (continuity), or whether there are abrupt markers that cause intermittent growth patterns. Stage theorists such as Piaget and Freud support the discontinuous pattern.

37. B—
(
Chapter 14
) Carl Jung. Jung, like Freud, believed that the unconscious mind determined much of our behavior. Jung also thought the collective unconscious filled with archetypes was a universally inherited part of our nature that explained common themes in literature and world religions. Individuation is his personality goal of balancing out the opposites in one’s personality, like introversion and extraversion.

38. E—
(
Chapter 16
) Hallucinations are perceptual experiences that occur in the absence of external stimulation of the corresponding sensory organ. Hearing voices when they are not present could be a result of either schizophrenia or hallucinogenic drugs.

39. B—
(
Chapter 11
) Mnemonic device. Stella’s memory aid is using the first letter of each planet in a series and completing a sentence with words beginning with those letters.

40. E—
(
Chapter 13
) Fetal alcohol syndrome is a disorder caused by prenatal alcohol use by the mother, which can lead to both physical and cognitive abnormalities in the developing child. A teratogen is any harmful substance (drug or virus) during the prenatal period that can cause birth defects.

41. B—
(
Chapter 10
) A conditioned stimulus. The two are repeatedly paired together and the conditioned stimulus reliably comes to predict the unconditioned stimulus, which produces the unconditioned response.

42. D—
(
Chapter 12
) The exhaustion stage. Usually stressors are dealt with during the second stage of resistance, but if the stressors are prolonged, the immune system becomes unable to protect us from disease and infection.

43. D—
(
Chapter 16
) Compulsive. Jeanette suffers from one of the common problems of compulsives—checking behavior. A compulsion is an action repeated over and over even though it serves no useful purpose.

44. D—
(
Chapter 8
) Timbre. Timbre is the complexity of sound determined by its composition of several frequencies. Carlos can thus distinguish between the two instruments.

45. C—
(
Chapter 12
) Hypothalamus. Many motivated behaviors, including hunger, thirst, and sex, are associated with stimulation of the hypothalamus. Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in a rat, for instance, will be a signal to initiate eating behavior.

46. B—
(
Chapter 17
) SSRIs like Prozac and Paxil seem to increase the availability of serotonin at postsynaptic receptor sites by preventing the reuptake of the neurotransmitter by presynaptic neurons, which elevates the mood of the patient suffering from depression.

47. C—
(
Chapter 6
) Not going to lecture classes, reading the review book, and watching “Discovering Psychology.” The independent variable is the one manipulated by the experimenter. Jared manipulates this variable in his experiment to gather evidence that students can do just as well in the course without attending lectures.

48. C—
(
Chapter 11
) Failure to encode. Like John, most of us see different coins and bills every day, but our failure to pay close attention to these stimuli results in a failure to encode them into our long-term memories.

49. A—
(
Chapter 15
) Naturalistic intelligence, according to Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences, would enable Harry to distinguish between edible leaves and insects because of his familiarity with plants and insects in the environment.

50. B—
(
Chapter 13
) 12 in females only. Menarche is the first menstrual period for females, the onset of the ability to reproduce.

51. C—
(
Chapter 17
) Amy is probably engaged in a humanistic therapy session. Client-centered therapists would encourage Amy to direct the therapy process while the therapist engages in active listening.

52. E—
(
Chapter 7
) Right cerebral cortex. Neural pathways for facial recognition are found in the right temporal lobe.

53. E—
(
Chapter 8
) Proximity. The three letters c-a-r are together and thus our attention is drawn to that combination first due to the closeness of the letters and because they form a familiar word.

54. C—
(
Chapter 10
) Money is a secondary reinforcer we learn to be reinforced by. Food, water, and sex are all primary reinforcers or biologically significant and things we are naturally reinforced by.

55. D—
(
Chapter 7
) Sodium ions into the axon. Positively charged sodium ions rush into the axon, depolarizing the membrane and transmitting an action potential. The neuron “fires.”

56. C—
(
Chapter 5
) Dr. Bonneau is an industrial/organizational or I/O psychologist interested in improving morale in the industrial setting.

57. B—
(
Chapter 11
) Confirmation bias. Shafi looked for evidence to support his beliefs and failed to try and disconfirm his belief. When he found the two male scores of 100%, he believed even more that his conclusion was correct.

58. B—
(
Chapter 13
) Crystallized intelligence refers to intellectual ability that reflects concrete knowledge or facts, which tends to increase rather than decrease with age. The more abstract reasoning that is characteristic of fluid intelligence declines in later years.

59. A—
(
Chapter 10
) Delayed. In delayed conditioning, the CS is presented before the UCS in acquisition trials and the CS then becomes a good predictor of the UCS to come.

60. D—
(
Chapter 13
) Both the expense and the fact that subjects drop out over time are two disadvantages of the longitudinal approach. Cross-sectional research has the disadvantage of the cohort effect or the problem of different ages being exposed to different learning environments because of their date of birth.

61. D—
(
Chapter 18
) The reciprocity norm. This is a compliance technique used by groups. Brittany feels obligated to go along with a request for a small donation after she has used the stickers they sent her.

62. A—
(
Chapter 7
) The path over which the reflex travels typically includes a receptor, sensory or afferent neuron, interneuron, motor or efferent neuron, and effector.

63. D—
(
Chapter 11
) Grammar. Typical of a 3-year-old, the child without formal training intuits the “ed” rule for making the past tense. This is called overgeneralization.

64. A—
(
Chapter 16
) Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD, is a mood disorder characterized by depression, lethargy, sleep disturbances, and craving for carbohydrates. It generally occurs during the winter, when the amount of daylight is low, and it is sometimes treated with exposure to bright lights.

65. D—
(
Chapter 7
) Move his left hand. The right hemisphere controls Mr. Gordon’s left side and the part in the back of the frontal lobe is the motor cortex.

66. A—
(
Chapter 15
) Content validity. Content validity measures whether the test “covers” the full range of the material, which is not met by testing only the four areas mentioned.

67. C—
(
Chapter 18
) Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to put less effort into group projects than individual projects for which they are accountable.

68. A—
(
Chapter 5
) The purpose of behavioral acts. James and other members of the functionalist perspective were concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to its environment more than the structuralists, who looked at the individual parts of consciousness.

69. C—
(
Chapter 14
) An external locus of control. Julian Rotter’s research says that externals do not believe that they control what happens to them and when good things do happen it is more a matter of luck than individual achievement or effort.

70. B—
(
Chapter 16
) Hypochondriasis is a somatoform disorder in which the anxiety is transformed into physical symptoms.

71. D—
(
Chapter 12
) Love. All of the other choices are among the six primary facial expressions identified cross-culturally. Sadness and happiness round out the six.

72. B—
(
Chapter 7
) Three copies of chromosome 21. With three copies of chromosome 21 in their cells, individuals are typically mentally retarded, and have a round head, flat nasal bridge, protruding tongue, small round ears, a fold in the eyelid, poor muscle tone, and poor coordination.

73. D—
(
Chapter 10
) Omission training. After disruptive behavior is emitted, the child is removed from the classroom (seen as a reward taken away from the learner), thus decreasing the original behavior.

74. B—
(
Chapter 9
) Dreams result from the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity from the brain stem. This theory says that dreams do not have symbolic meaning.

75. C—
(
Chapter 12
) Repetitions of an emotion-arousing event strengthen the opposing emotion. Fear accompanies the first time most people jump out of an airplane with a parachute but on successive jumps the fear decreases and the joy increases.

76. B—
(
Chapter 18
) The fundamental attribution error. When judging other people’s behavior we are likely to overestimate personal factors—an impatient clerk—and underestimate situational factors—how rude customers had been to her. When judging our own behavior, we do not make this same error.