in primitive religion,
47–48
,
280
n
resistance to,
46
,
50
,
53
,
54
,
59
,
62
,
63
,
281
n,
282
n
forced (violent) motion,
48
,
49
,
53
,
54
,
55
,
63
formal indication,
269
‘Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity’ (Einstein),
199–200
Fourier, Charles,
86–87
Franklin, Benjamin,
86
Franzen, Jonathan,
154
Fraser, George MacDonald,
43–44
,
45
Frederick II ‘the Great,’ King of Prussia,
97
Frisch, Otto,
174
Fuller, Buckminster,
109
H-,
121–22
ψ-,
223–25
,
226
,
228
,
246–47
,
248
,
251
‘Further Researches on the Thermal Equilibrium of Gas Molecules’ (Boltzmann),
121
Galilean transformations,
160
,
162
Galileo Galilei,
15
,
22
,
33
,
56
,
58,
59
,
60
,
62
,
82–83
‘book of nature’ image of,
17
,
57
,
65–68
distinction between mass and weight noted by,
78
effects of gravity measured by,
75
falling-body experiments of,
53
space as viewed by,
57
thought experiment of,
57
,
62
,
81
,
160
Galison, Peter,
269–70
Gauss, Carl Friedrich,
105
General Principles of Equilibrium and Motion
(L. Carnot),
115
geometric proofs,
31
geometry,
22–23
,
29
,
34
,
36–38
,
44
,
57
,
73
,
95
,
98
,
105
,
276
n
in ancient India,
25
definition of,
95
doubling area of square in,
36–39
,
39
non-Euclidean,
196–97
see also
Pythagorean theorem
Glass Bottom Boat, The
(film),
107
in books of nature and scripture,
66–68
celestial sphere lent impetus by,
54–55
,
282
n
cosmic harmonies established by,
72–73
,
75
gravity as volition implanted by,
72
impressed force used by,
53
Newton’s accomplishments and,
70
planetary orbits and,
57
Saint-Simon’s vision of,
86
as supreme lawgiver,
84–85
Goldhaber, Alfred S.,
227–28
Goldstein, Herbert,
184
gravitational red shift,
193
,
200
,
207
as Cartesian vortices,
75
,
78
,
81
common centre of,
80
falling bodies and,
70–71
as implanted by God,
72
Kepler’s theory of,
73–75
planetary motions and,
74–77
,
79
see also
Einstein’s equation for general relativity; Newton’s law of universal gravitation
Greek language,
23
,
29
,
35
,
84
,
96
,
118
,
154
Greeks, ancient,
15
,
22
,
29
,
47–51
,
70–71
,
273
n
idea of proof as originated by,
27
,
277
n
–78
n
normative laws of,
84
see also
Aristotle; Socrates
Greene, Brian,
211
Grossman, Marcel,
196–97
,
233–34
Guillen, Michael,
274
n
Habicht, Conrad,
168
,
172
,
183
,
191
Hahn, Otto,
174
Hale, George,
195
Halley’s comet,
77
Hardy, G. H.,
182
Harmonies of the World
(Kepler),
57
Harrison, Richard,
13–14
,
18
,
272
Harvey, William,
56
Hawking, Stephen,
157
caloric theory of,
113
,
114
,
115–17
conservation vs. conversion of,
112
,
113
,
114–15
,
116–17
,
118
,
119
as force,
114–15
mechanical equivalent of,
112
,
113
,
117
,
119
see also
thermodynamics
Heaviside, Oliver,
18
,
132
,
149–51
,
267
Heaviside’s equations,
150–51
Heisenberg, Werner,
16
,
129–31
,
211
,
220–21
,
225
,
228
,
229
,
230
,
235–60
,
237,
261
,
263
,
265
Heisenberg uncertainty principle,
128
,
129–30
,
235–60
,
267
,
268
experimental conditions and,
253
,
254
,
255–58
matrix mechanics in,
130
,
242–54
,
257
,
258
,
259
as popular cultural icon,
235–36
pq
-
qp
=
I
h
/2π
i
in,
244
,
245
,
251–57
,
296
n
–97
n
understanding meaning of,
261–65
visualizability in,
238–39
,
240
,
245–46
,
251
,
255–58
,
260
,
265
wave mechanics in,
246–54
,
257–58
,
259
Helmholtz, Hermann von,
112,
119
,
145–46
,
148
hermeneutic circle,
267
hermeneutics,
285
n
Hertz, Heinrich,
145–47
,
151
,
202
H-function,
121–22
Hilleman, Maurice,
153
Hisâb al-jabr wa’l muquâbalah
(al-Khowârizmî),
95
,
98
History of Britain
(Schama),
152
,
154
Hobbes, Thomas,
21–23
,
32
,
33
,
45
,
276
n
Holton, Gerald,
232–34
Hooke, Robert,
76–77
,
78–79
,
81
,
82
,
89
humanities, restoring vitality of,
152–55
Huxley, Thomas,
83
hydrogen atom,
216
,
245
,
247
,
294
n
ideal-gas law,
229
Ihde, Don,
211–12
imaginary numbers,
96
,
97
,
99–106
,
149
immanent frame,
55
impedance matching,
212–13
impossibility, science of,
128–31
impressed force,
51–52
,
53–55
,
60
,
61
Imus, Don,
107
indeterminate equations,
15
as first law of motion,
61
Principia’s
Definition Three as,
60
inertial mass,
168–69
,
170
,
172–73
,
188
inertial reference frames,
160
,
161
,
166–67
,
168–70
infinite series,
95–96
,
97
,
98–99
,
100
,
101–2
,
104
instantaneous speed,
50
,
55–56
,
281
n
intelligent design,
68
interferential refractometer,
148
Introduction to Infinite Analysis
(Euler),
98–104
inverse square laws,
69
,
73
,
73,
74
,
76–77
,
78
,
79
,
82
,
89
,
190
,
207
ionosphere,
149
Irigaray, Luce,
157
irrational numbers,
32
,
95
,
96
,
99–106
Isaacson, Walter,
210
isosceles right triangles,
35–41
Jackson, J. D.,
151
Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität,
189–90
James, William,
216
Jefferson, Thomas,
86
Jordan, Pascual,
130
,
236–37
,
243
,
244
–
46
,
253
,
254
,
255
,
257
,
298
n
Joule, James Prescott,
112,
117
,
118
,
119
Jupiter,
194–95
Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord,
113,
117
,
118
,
121
,
134
,
136–39
‘Nineteenth Century Clouds’ talk of,
126–27
,
164
,
191
,
215
Kepler, Johannes,
22
,
57
,
67
,
72–75
,
78
elliptical orbits discovered by,
74–75
,
76
,
79
,
284
n
laws of motion formulated by,
75
,
76
,
79
,
81
Khowârizmî, Mohammed ibn Musa al-,
95
,
98
kinesis,
48
kinetic energy,
169
kinetic theory of gases,
118
,
120–21
objective,
61–62
Kohlrausch, Rudolph,
141
Konigsberg bridge problem,
98
Kramers, Hendrik,
218–19
,
225
,
236
–
37
,
240
Lavoisier, Antoine,
114
,
115
,
291
n
Lederman, Leon,
271–72