A People's History of the World: From the Stone Age to the New Millennium (94 page)

63
Quoted in L Trotsky,
The History
, p181.

64
N N Sukhanov,
The Russian Revolution 1917
(Princeton, 1984), p77.

65
N Stone,
The Eastern Front
(London, 1975), p218.

66
N Stone,
The Eastern Front
, pp283-284, 291.

67
Figures and further details given in S A Smith,
Red Petrograd
(Cambridge, 1983), pp10-12.

68
The Bolsheviks took six seats, the Mensheviks seven, but the Menshevik seats were in more middle class constituencies. See T Cliff,
Lenin, Volume 1: Building the Party
(London, 1975), p325.

69
In this paragraph I am summarising a long history of activities and theoretical debates. For a full account see T Cliff,
Lenin, Volume 1
. I Getzler,
Martov
(Melbourne, 1967), provides a sympathetic account of the leading Menshevik.

70
Figures given in T Cliff,
Lenin, Volume 2: All Power to the Soviets
(London, 1976), pp148, 150.

71
Figures quoted with sources in M Haynes, ‘Was there a Parliamentary Alternative in 1917?’ in
International Socialism
76, p46.

72
Both sets of figures given, with sources, in M Haynes, ‘Was there a Parliamentary Alternative in 1917?’

73
For an account of some of these struggles, see S A Smith,
Red Petrograd
; T Cliff,
Lenin, Volume 2
, pp168-189.

74
Quoted in N N Sukhanov,
The Russian Revolution
, p627-628.

75
Quoted in N N Sukhanov,
The Russian Revolution
, p629.

76
Figures given with sources in S A Smith,
Red Petrograd
, p87.

77
V I Lenin,
Collected Works
, vol 8 (Moscow, 1962), pp28-29.

78
V I Lenin,
Collected Works
, vol 27 (Moscow, 1977), p98.

79
For an account of this ‘insurrection’, see J M Cammett,
Antonio Gramsci and the Origins of Italian Communism
(Stanford, 1967), pp52-53.

80
Quoted in P Nettl,
Rosa Luxemburg
, vol II (London, 1966), p689.

81
S A Smith,
Red Petrograd
, p243.

82
For details, see V Serge,
Year One of the Russian Revolution
(London, 1992), pp282.

83
V Serge,
Year One
, p245.

84
V Serge,
Year One
, p265.

85
F A Upton,
The Finnish Revolution, 1917-18
(Minnesota, 1980), p522, quoted in J Rees, ‘In Defence of October’,
International Socialism
52, p33.

86
According to J Joll,
Europe Since 1870
(London, 1990), p237.

87
For this, and further details of the revolution in German-speaking Austria, see F L Carsten,
Revolution in Central Europe 1918-19
(London, 1972), pp22-32.

88
For further details and sources on this, and other aspects of the German revolution, see my book
The Lost Revolution, Germany 1918-1923
(London, 1982).

89
According to Rosa Leviné-Meyer, who was in a Berlin hospital at the time. See her
Leviné
(London, 1973), p80.

90
E Hobsbawm,
The Age of Extremes
(London, 1994), p68.

91
Quoted in E H Carr,
The Bolshevik Revolution
, vol 3 (Harmondsworth, 1966), pp135-136.

92
Quoted in E H Carr,
The Bolshevik Revolution
, vol 3, p135.

93
Details in E H Carr,
The Bolshevik Revolution
, vol 3, p134.

94
Quoted in E Wigham,
Strikes and the Governmemt 1893-1981
(London, 1982), p53.

95
G H Meaker,
The Revolutionary Left in Spain 1914-1923
(Stanford, 1974), p134.

96
Quoted in G H Meaker,
The Revolutionary Left
, p141.

97
G H Meaker,
The Revolutionary Left
, p142.

98
G H Meaker,
The Revolutionary Left
, p143.

99
For accounts of this strike, see G H Meaker,
The Revolutionary Left
, pp158-161 and 165-168, and G Brennan,
The Spanish Labyrinth
(Cambridge, 1974), pp70-71. Meaker sees the outcome of the strike as a defeat for the workers, Brennan as ‘inconclusive’. P Pages, by contrast, describes it as ‘a favourable outcome’ for the workers. See his
Andreu Nin, Su Evolución Política
(Madrid, 1975).

100
I Turner,
Industrial Labour and Politics
(London, 1965), p194.

101
The whole story is brilliantly told in Erhard Lucas,
Märzrevolution 1920
(Frankfurt, 1974). For a precis of events, see my
The Lost Revolution
, ch 9.

102
P Spriano,
The Occupation of the Factories, Italy 1920
(London, 1975), p60.

103
P Spriano,
The Occupation of the Factories
, pp21-22.

104
Quoted in P Spriano,
The Occupation of the Factories
, p56.

105
The full text of his speech is given in R Leviné-Meyer,
Leviné.

106
Letter to Jacques Mesnil of April 1921, quoted in P Spriano,
The Occupation of the Factories
, p132.

107
Quoted in P Spriano,
The Occupation of the Factories
, pp129-130.

108
A Rossi (pseudonym for Tasca),
The Rise of Italian Fascism
(London, 1938), p68.

109
A Rossi,
The Rise of Italian Fascism
, p74.

110
For a discussion of how real the revolutionary situation was in 1923, see my
The Lost Revolution
, ch 13.

111
According to A Rossi,
The Rise of Italian Fascism
, pp82, 99.

112
A Rossi,
The Rise of Italian Fascism
, p126-127.

113
A Rossi,
The Rise of Italian Fascism
, p103.

114
Figures given by A Rossi,
The Rise of Italian Fascism
, p126-127.

115
A Rossi,
The Rise of Italian Fascism
, p148.

116
Quoted in A Rossi,
The Rise of Italian Fascism
, p145.

117
A Rossi,
The Rise of Italian Fascism
, p147.

118
A Rossi,
The Rise of Italian Fascism
, pp229-231.

119
G Carocci,
Italian Fascism
(Harmondsworth, 1975), p27.

120
G Carocci,
Italian Fascism
, p32.

121
See A D Harvey,
Collision of Empire
(Phoenix, 1994), p511.

122
The best account of these events is to be found in P Avrich,
Kronstadt 1921
(New Jersey, 1991).

123
Lenin,
Collected Works
, vol 32 (Moscow, 1965), p24.

124
Quoted in M Schachtman,
The Struggle for the New Course
(New York, 1943), p150.

125
Lenin to the 11 th Congress of the RCP(B) in V I Lenin,
Collected Works
, vol 33 (Moscow, 1976), p288.

126
See, for example, the diaries of Tom Jones, who was secretary to the cabinet, in T Jones,
Whitehall Diaries, vol III, Ireland 1918-25
(London, 1971).

127
The 1921 figures, extracted from official statistics in R Palme Dutt,
Guide to the Problem of India
(London, 1942), p59.

128
J Chesneaux,
The Chinese Labor Movement 1919-27
(Stanford, 1968), p42.

129
J Chesneaux,
The Chinese Labor Movement
, p47.

130
See B Stein,
A History of India
(London, 1998), p297.

131
This description is from R Palme Dutt,
Guide
, p112; similar descriptions are to be found in B Stein,
A History
, p304, and M J Akbar,
Nehru
(London, 1989), pp116-118.

132
India in 1919
, quoted in R Palme Dutt,
Guide
, p113.

133
For different accounts of this incident, see B Stein,
A History
, p309, and M J Akbar,
Nehru
, pp152-152.

134
Quoted in M J Akbar,
Nehru
, p154.

135
Hu Shih, extract from ‘The Chinese Renaissance’, translated in F Shurmann and O Schell,
Republican China
(Harmondsworth, 1977), p55.

136
Figures given in J Chesneaux,
The Chinese Labor Movement
, p11.

137
J Chesneaux,
The Chinese Labor Movement
, p156.

138
J Chesneaux,
The Chinese Labor Movement
, p293.

139
J Chesneaux,
The Chinese Labor Movement
, p325.

140
For details, see J Chesneaux,
The Chinese Labor Movement
, pp356-361; and H Isaacs,
The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution
(Stanford, 1961), pp130-142. The rising also features as the backdrop to André Malraux’s novel,
Man’s Fate
just as the Hong Kong strike is the backcloth to his
Les Conquerants
.

141
For accounts of his coup, see J Chesneaux,
The Chinese Labor Movement
, pp311-313; and H Isaacs,
Tragedy
, pp89-110.

142
André Malraux’s
Man’s Fate
is set against the background of these events; the main figure ends up waiting to be thrown into a furnace by Chiang Kai Shek’s forces.

143
See the accounts of the period in R E Ruiz,
The Great Rebellion: Mexico 1905-24
(New York, 1982), pp120-122, and A Gilly,
The Mexican Revolution
(London, 1983), pp28-45.

144
R E Ruiz,
The Great Rebellion
, p58.

145
According to A Gilly,
The Mexican Revolution
, p37; for figures which suggest a similar picture, see R E Ruiz,
The Great Rebellion
, pp59, 63.

146
See L Trotsky,
The Third International After Lenin
(New York, 1957), and
Permanent Revolution
(London, 1962).

147
Quoted in F Sternberg,
The Coming Crisis
(London, 1947).

148
Quoted in J K Galbraith,
The Great Crash
(London, 1992), p95.

149
See the introduction to F Dobbs,
Teamster Rebellion
(New York, 1986).

150
Quoted in J K Galbraith,
The Great Crash
, pp77-78.

151
Quoted in J Braunthal,
In Search of the Millennium
(London, 1945), p270. See also André Guerin’s description of union leaders embracing the US model in France in the late 1920 s, in A Guerin,
Front Populaire, Révolution Manquée
, (Paris, 1997), pp79-80. Such expressions of optimism contrast with Eric Hobsbawm’s claim that everyone could see the crisis had not gone away in the mid-to late 1920 s. See E Hobsbawm,
The Age of Extremes
(London, 1994), p91.

152
Quoted by F Sternberg,
The Coming Crisis
.

153
See P Gay,
The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism
(New York, 1979).

154
George Hicks to 1927 TUC conference, quoted in R Miliband,
Parliamentary Socialism
, p149.

155
See the account of Stalin and Bukharin’s 1925 arguments in R B Day,
The ‘Crisis’ and the ‘Crash’
(London, 1981), pp80-81.

156
For a resumé of Bukharin’s 1928 arguments, see R B Day,
The ‘Crisis’ and the ‘Crash’
, pp156-159. By this time Stalin had done another somersault and was claiming that the imminent breakdown of capitalism meant immediate insurrectionary possibilities for Western Communists—a view that was just as mistaken as Bukharin’s.