A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War (164 page)

64.
But when Major George Longley started a fight with a Federal officer while traveling on a Northern train, and was arrested for breaching the peace,
The Times
awarded him ample space to complain about his treatment. William Stuart, secretary of the legation, was much less sympathetic. He refused to protest on Longley’s behalf, saying that he had failed to mention, “as stated in Mr. Bernal’s dispatch … that you had remarked to Colonel Massey, that you believed the South to be in the right … which must have given just grounds to a Federal Officer with whom you were unacquainted.” PRO FO115/340, f. 36, Stuart to Major Longley, September 28, 1862.

65.
Catherine Cooper Hopley,
Life in the South from the Commencement of the War by a Blockaded British Subject
(London, 1863, repr. New York, 1971), p. 348.

66.
Strode,
Jefferson Davis
, vol. 2, p. 260.

67.
Dawson,
Reminiscences
, p. 49.

68.
Ibid., p. 51.

69.
James M. Morgan,
Recollections of a Rebel Reefer
(Boston, 1917), pp. 226–27.

70.
Devon RO, 867B/Z36, entr. 14, July 5, 1862, unknown writer.

Chapter 12: The South Is Rising

 
1.
William Watson,
Life in the Confederate Army: Being the Observations and Experiences of an Alien in the South During the Civil War
(London, 1887; repr. Baton Rouge, La., 1995), p. 398.

 
2.
Ibid., p. 407.

 
3.
Ibid., p. 413.

 
4.
W. C. Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865
, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 1, p. 146, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., May 16, 1862.

 
5.
Ibid., p. 145.

 
6.
Ibid., p. 137, Charles Francis Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., April 17, 1862.

 
7.
Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran
, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 996, May 6, 1862.

 
8.
Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters
, vol. 1, p. 145, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., May 16, 1862.

 
9.
Ibid., p. 141, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., May 8, 1862.

10.
Countess of Stafford (ed.),
Leaves from the Diary of Henry Greville
, vol. 4 (London, 1905), p. 46, May 10, 1862.

11.
John Black Atkins,
The Life of Sir William Howard Russell
, 2 vols. (London, 1911), vol. 2, p. 173.

12.
Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters
, vol. 1, p. 142, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., May 8, 1862.

13.
MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, May 19, 1862.

14.
Illustrated London News
, June 14, 1862.

15.
H. F. Bell,
Palmerston
, 2 vols. (London, 1936), vol. 2, p. 317.

16.
Edward Chalfant,
Better in Darkness
(New York, 1994), p. 39.

17.
MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, June 12, 1862.

18.
Ibid., July 12, 1862.

19.
F. L. Owsley,
King Cotton Diplomacy
(2nd ed., Chicago, 1959), p. 145.

20.
Norman Longmate,
Hungry Mills: The Story of the Lancashire Cotton Famine, 1861–5
(London, 1978), p. 95.

21.
D. P. Crook,
The North, the South, and the Powers, 1861–1865
(New York, 1974), p. 198.

22.
The problem for the North and the South was that the cotton famine had been brought on by a complicated set of circumstances. The distress suffered by the workers was real, but the “famine” was a combination of overproduction during the previous three years, a surplus of some grades of cotton, and a dearth of other grades. As Howard Jones writes, “The initial surplus led to reduced work time, and its eventual depletion extended the layoffs.” Jones,
Blue and Gray Diplomacy
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 2009), p. 227. Also, in the first year of the war, the cotton glut in England was so great that Northern textile mills were actually able to buy surplus British stock and ship it over.

23.
Robert Douthat Meade,
Judah P. Benjamin: Confederate Statesman
(Baton Rouge, La., 2001), p. 248.

24.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 402–4, James Spence to James Mason, April 28, 1862.

25.
Virginia Mason,
The Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James M. Mason
(New York, 1906), pp. 271–72, Dispatch 9, Mason to Benjamin, May 2, 1862.

26.
Trinity College Library, Cambridge, Houghton MS CB36/2[3], Henry Bright to Lord Houghton, July 22, 1862.

27.
Library of Congress, Hotze Papers, Private Letter Book, Hotze to John George Witt, August 11, 1864.

28.
For example, as Dudley Mann wrote excitedly to Judah P. Benjamin on September 15, 1862, after
Blackwood’s
published a long article about Jefferson Davis, written by the Hon. Robert Bourke: “Blackwood stands in the same relation to the British periodical press as the
Times
does to the British newspaper press. They are wonderfully influential in molding European opinion; for their power is not confined to Great Britain.” ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 528–29.

29.
OR, ser. 4, vol. 2, pp. 23–25, Edwin De Leon to Judah P. Benjamin, July 30, 1862.

30.
Hotze’s competitor was a shabby little rag called the
London American
, edited by the eccentric George Francis Train. By coincidence, its offices were one door down, separated from the
Index
by a tobacconist’s. The
Liverpool Mail
once described Train as “our extremely fast Yankee cousin, famous for making galloping speeches, for writing galloping books, and galloping himself around the world” (February 4, 1860).

31.
Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters
, vol. 1, p. 153, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., June 6, 1862.

32.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 326, Henry Hotze to Robert Mercer Hunter, February 1, 1862.

33.
Thurlow Weed, Harriet A. Weed, and Thurlow Weed Barnes,
Life of Thurlow Weed
, 2 vols. (Boston, 1884), vol. 2, p. 416, Weed to New York Common Council, July 1, 1862.

34.
Edward Dicey,
Spectator of America
, ed. Herbert Mitgang (Athens, Ga., 1971), p. 144.

35.
For example, on April 19, 1862, the
Illustrated London News
asked why it was that Americans were so sensitive about British criticism—and why the English had such a knack for provoking them with “ill-timed and unfair comment.” “The explanation,” it decided, “is to be found in their mutual ignorance of each other’s feelings and modes of thought. America does not understand England, and England does not understand America.”

36.
“I am disturbed by the state of feeling which is growing up between our two countries,” he continued. “It matters not how averse your government or ours may be to war, your people have become so inflamed against us by the daily ministrations of the press that no government will be strong enough to control their resentment.” National Library of Scotland, Tweeddale Mun./Yester MSS, (0439)MS14467, ff. 40–43, John Bigelow to Lord Russell, August 2, 1862.

37.
For example, on August 8, Secretary of War Stanton announced that citizens eligible for the draft (which called for 300,000 new soldiers) were forbidden to travel abroad. That day, the British legation sent a report that hundreds of British travelers were being hauled off trains and arrested at quaysides on the grounds of being “draft evaders.” Among the Britons forcibly removed from a Baltimore train was a Mr. Drury, the legation’s diplomatic messenger. PRO 30/36/1, desp. 150, William Stuart to Lord Russell, August 14, 1862.
Letters of Lord St. Maur and Lord Edward St. Maur
(London, 1888), p. 250, n.d,
c
. 1862.

38.
Countess of Stafford (ed.),
Leaves from the Diary of Henry Greville
, vol. 4, p. 55.

39.
E. D. Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War
, 2 vols. (New York, 1958), vol. 1, p. 305–57.

40.
Brian Jenkins,
Britain and the War for the Union
, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974, 1980), vol. 2, p. 88.

41.
R.S.M. Blackett,
Divided Hearts
, p. 173.

42.
E. D. Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War
, vol. 2, p. 20, Lyons to Stuart, July 5, 1862.

43.
“I know it will be said that this is giving them the means and money for a prolongation of the contest,” admitted the duke. “But its effect in this way would be comparatively small, whilst it would greatly tend to dissipate the danger which is really a growing one.” MHS, Argyll Letters, p. 99, Argyll to Sumner, July 12, 1862.

44.
However, Zebina Eastman obtained circumstantial evidence in November that Lindsay’s firm purchased the
Calypso
for blockade running. NARA, M. T-185, roll 7, vol. 7, Eastman to Seward, November 20, 1862.

45.
Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters
, vol. 1, p. 163, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., July 4, 1862.

46.
Howard Jones,
Union in Peril: The Crisis over British Intervention in the Civil War
, p. 127.

47.
Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War
, vol. 2, p. 20, Lyons to Stuart, July 5, 1862.

48.
MPUS
, p. 133, Adams to Seward, July 11, 1862.

49.
Crook,
The North, the South, and the Powers
, p. 214.

50.
West Sussex RO, Lyons MSS, box 300, Lyons to sister, July 19, 1862. “I had a long talk with Lord Palmerston. I had also a sufficiently long conversation with Lord Derby at his own home.”

51.
Wallace and Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran
, vol. 2, p. 1037, July 17, 1862.