A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War (173 page)

29.
Ellis,
The Epic of New York City
, p. 305.

30.
The description of the draft riots is largely taken from the following sources: Ellis,
The Epic of New York City
; Joel Tyler Hedley,
The Great Riots of New York, 1712–1873
(New York, 1873); David Barnes,
The Draft Riots of New York, July, 1863: The Metropolitan Police; Their Service During Riot Week
(New York, 1863); Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace,
Gotham
(New York, 1999), pp. 888–99.

31.
James M. McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
(London, 1988), p. 610. The Gatling gun had been patented in 1862.

32.
George Templeton Strong,
Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865
, ed. Allan Nevins (New York, 1962), p. 339, July 15, 1863.

33.
Fremantle,
Three Months in the Southern States
, p. 303.

34.
Iver Bernstein,
The New York City Draft Riots
(Oxford, 1990), p. 17.

35.
George Rowell, “Acting Assistant Surgeon,”
Nineteenth Century Theatre Research,
12 (1984), p. 33.

36.
Strong,
Diary of the Civil War
, p. 341, July 17, 1863.

37.
Ellis,
The Epic of New York
, p. 315.

38.
PRO FO282/8, ff. 325–28, Archibald to Russell, July 18, 1863.

39.
PRO FO282/10, ff. 126–27, d. 238, Archibald to Lyons, July 20, 1863.

40.
Doris Kearns Goodwin,
Team of Rivals
(New York, 2005), p. 536.

41.
Northumberland RO, 2179/1, C. A. Race to Father, July 24, 1863. Another lost soul in the Federal army was thirty-four-year-old Theodore Lee. Unhappy at home and beset by financial problems, he had fled England because “I wanted a radical change.… I needed a change to prevent both mind and body being comfortably boxed up at the expense of my friends.” Joining the Federal army as a substitute had seemed his only option. So far his life was tolerable, he wrote to his brother and sister in England, except that “the mosquitoes and bugs are terrible at night.” Leicestershire RO, D3796/6, Theodore Lee to his brother and sister, August 16, 1863.

42.
British Library of Political and Economic Science, LSE, Farr MSS, Add. 2, J. G. Kennedy to William Farr, August 9, 1863. Sometimes, the case was reversed and the legation was pitted between a penitent son and his furious family. Charles Race, an English sergeant stationed at Fort Monroe, needed all his courage to inform his father that he was still alive: “With feelings of sorrow which it is utterly impossible for me to describe, I take my pen in a trembling hand to write and let you know where I am,” he wrote on July 24, 1863. “I went as you are aware to London and, after passing a few miserable days there, a burning sense of shame at the idea of looking anybody in the face again combined, I now think with a kind of insanity, I formed the idea of coming to America.… I left England whether ever to see you again or not, God only knows.”

43.
PRO FO115/395, f. 73, Belshaw to Lyons, August 14, 1863.

44.
Diary of Gideon Welles
, 3 vols. (Boston 1911), vol. 1, pp. 409–10, August 21, 1863.

45.
University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y., Rush Rhees Library, Seward MSS, Lyons to Seward, July 20, 1863.

46.
PRO FO5/892, ff. 17–24, Lyons to Russell, August 3, 1863.

47.
PRO 30/22/37, ff. 133–36, Lyons to Russell, August 7, 1863.

48.
PRO 30/22/37, ff. 143–46, Lyons to Russell, August 14, 1863.

49.
PRO 30/22/37, ff. 147–59, Lyons to Russell, September 2, 1863.

50.
PRO 30/22/22, ff. 255–57, Palmerston to Russell, September 14, 1864.

51.
C. Vann Woodward (ed.),
Mary Chesnut’s Civil War
(New Haven, 1981), p. 664.

52.
Justus Scheibert,
Seven Months in the Confederate States During the North American War, 1863
, trans. Joseph C. Hayes, ed. William Stanley Hoole (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 2009)
,
pp. 132, 140.

53.
PRO FO5/907, ff. 179–88, Stuart to Russell, August 15, 1863.

54.
Cornhill Magazine
, 10 (1864), pp. 99–110.

55.
Fitzgerald Ross,
Cities and Camps of the Confederate States
, ed. Richard Barksdale Harwell (Champaign, Ill., 1997), p. 107.

56.
Merseyside Maritime Museum, Fraser, Trenholm MSS, B/FT box 1/107, Thomas Prioleau to Charles K. Prioleau, September 9, 1863. The comment by Lawley in the footnote on this page is taken from Alan Hankinson,
Man of Wars: William Howard Russell of “The Times,” 1820–1907
(London, 1982), p. 182.

Chapter 24: Devouring the Young

 
1.
North Carolina State Archives, Private Collections, PC 1226, Rose O’Neal Greenhow MSS, London Diary, p. 3.

 
2.
The Private Journal of Georgiana Gholson Walker
, ed. Dwight Franklin Henderson,
Confederate Centennial Studies
, 25 (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1963), p. 53.

 
3.
Ann Blackman,
Wild Rose: Rose O’Neale Greenhow, Civil War Spy
(New York, 2005), p. 267.

 
4.
Warren F. Spencer,
The Confederate Navy in Europe
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1983), pp. 144–76. In addition to Spencer, the other invaluable works on this subject are
King Cotton Diplomacy
by Frank Owsley (2nd ed., Chicago, 1959) and
Great Britain and the Confederate Navy
by Frank J. Merli (Bloomington, Ind., 1965).

 
5.
David Hepburn Milton,
Lincoln’s Spymaster: Thomas Haines Dudley and the Liverpool Network
(Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2003), p. 107.

 
6.
Diary of Gideon Welles
, 3 vols. (Boston, 1911), vol. 1, pp. 428, 437.

 
7.
MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, August 28, 1863.

 
8.
PRFA,
1 (1864), p.367, Adams to Russell, September 5, 1863.

 
9.
MHS, June 1914. “Argyll Letters, 1861–1865,” pp. 66–107, Duchess of Argyll to Sumner, July 23, 1863, p. 81.

10.
“Letters of Richard Cobden to Charles Sumner,”
American Historical Review
, 2 (1897), p. 312, Cobden to Sumner, August 7, 1863. Cobden continued: “Had England joined France they would have been followed by probably every other State of Europe, with the exception of Russia. This is what the Confederate agents have been seeking to accomplish. They have pressed recognition on England and France with persistent energy from the first.”

11.
PRO 30/22/22, f. 243, Palmerston to Russell, September 4, 1863. In fact, he expected them to lose the case: “I think you are right in detaining the iron clads now building in the Mersey and the Clyde, though the result may be that we shall be obliged to set them free—There can be no doubt that ships coated with iron must be intended for warlike purposes, but to justify seizure we must, I conceive, be able to prove that they are intended for the use of the Confederates and to be employed against the Federal government, and this may not be easy as it will be to lay hold of them.”

12.
Brian Jenkins,
Britain and the War for Union
, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974, 1980), vol. 2, p. 290.

13.
Somerset RO, Somerset MSS, d/RA/A/2a/39/11, Palmerston to Somerset, September 13, 1863. Palmerston continued: “If we get these ships they will tend to give us moral as well as maritime strength.” On October 2, Palmerston was ruminating on the theme of war with the United States: “We shall be pretty well off, I see, by next summer, with an addition for 1865; and there seems no good reason to expect a rupture with France within that period though it would be hazardous to say as much of our relations with the United States.”

14.
Detective Officer William Cozens filed the following report: “On Sunday the 13th instant, 95 men of the crew of the Florida arrived here by Railway from Cardiff the greater portion of them are natives of Ireland and some from various parts of Great Britain, the rest are composed of Germans, Dutchmen and a few Americans.” PRO HO45/7261/122.

15.
BDOFA
, Part 1, ser. C, vol. 6, p. 184, Adams to Russell, September 16, 1863.

16.
D. P. Crook,
The North, the South, and the Powers, 1861–1865
(New York, 1974), p. 326,
PRFA
, 1 (1864), p. 384, Russell to Adams, September 25, 1863.

17.
W. C. Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–
1865, 2 vols. (Boston 1920), vol. 2, p. 82, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., September 16, 1863.

18.
Diary of Gideon Welles,
vol. 1, p. 435, September 17, 1863.

19.
PRO 30/22/37, ff. 227–30, Lyons to Russell, November 6, 1863.

20.
PRO 30/22/37, ff. 213–16, Lyons to Russell, October 23, 1863.

21.
For a fuller discussion of Sumner’s motives and the reaction to his speech, see David Herbert Donald,
Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man
(New York, 1970), pp. 126–37.

22.
Beverly Wilson Palmer (ed.),
The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner
, 2 vols. (Boston, 1990), vol. 2, pp. 197–98, Sumner to Bright, October 6, 1863.

23.
Quoted in Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865
, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, p. 1220, October 8, 1863.

24.
Edward Chalfant,
Better in Darkness
(New York, 1994), p. 69.

25.
MHS, Adams MSS,
Diary of Charles Francis Adams
, October 24, 1863.

26.
Wallace and Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran
, vol. 2, p. 1212, September 22, 1863.

27.
Benjamin did not have a clear idea, when he sent the dispatch on August 4, of what Mason’s departure would achieve, beyond pinning his hopes on the French to break clear of their alliance with Britain. Charles Hubbard,
The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy
(Knoxville, Tenn., 1998), p. 149.

28.
North Carolina State Archives, Private Collections, PC 1226 Rose O’Neal Greenhow Papers, London Diary, p. 35.