A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War (177 page)

30.
PRO FO 5/898, f. 66, Lyons to Russell, December 7, 1863.

31.
The Foreign Office could not, officially, applaud a solution that forced British subjects to pledge their allegiance to a foreign country, but there was relief in London that a hideous injustice against conscripted Britons in the Southern armies had been resolved.

32.
Warwickshire RO, CR114A/533/23 (1), Seymour MSS, General Wistar to General Dix, April 15, 1864.

33.
A. S. Lewis (ed.),
My Dear Parents
, p. 67.

34.
James Pendlebury MSS, private collection, p. 1.

35.
James Pendlebury MSS, p. 2.

36.
PRO FO5/1287, d.189, Francis Lousada to Lord Lyons, March 11, 1864, and passim.

37.
Fitzgerald Ross,
Cities and Camps of the Confederate States
, ed. Richard Barksdale Harwell (Champaign, Ill., 1997), p. 219.

38.
Frances Elizabeth Owen Monck,
My Canadian Leaves: Diary of a Visit to Canada, 1865–6
(London, 1891), p. 127.

39.
Journal of John Wodehouse, First Earl of Kimberley
(Cambridge, 1997), p. 75.

40.
R.A.J. Walling (ed.),
The Diaries of John Bright
(New York, 1931), p. 271.

41.
Edward Lyulph Stanley, Fourth Baron Stanley of Alderley, letters from America, Royal Commonwealth Society Library, Cambridge, Stanley to Lady Stanley, April 17, 1864.

42.
Ibid., April 27, 1864.

43.
W. C. Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865
, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 2, p. 128, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis Adams, May 1, 1864.

44.
OR, ser. 1, vol. 32/3, p. 246, Grant to Sherman, April 3, 1864.

45.
Lewis (ed.),
My Dear Parents
, p. 77, Horrocks to parents, May 8, 1864.

46.
Ibid.

47.
Ibid., p. 78.

48.
James Pendlebury MSS, pp. 4–5.

49.
Shelby Foote,
The Civil War
, 3 vols. (New York, 1986), vol. 3, p. 170.

50.
Francis W. Dawson,
Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865
, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), p. 197, Dawson to mother, June 1, 1864.

51.
Jeffry D. Wert,
General James Longstreet: The Confederacy’s Most Controversial Soldier
(New York, 1993), p. 385.

52.
New-York Historical Society,
Narrative of Ebenezer Wells
(
c.
1881), May 5, 1864.

53.
Dawson,
Reminiscences
, p. 197, Dawson to mother, June 1, 1864, and p. 115.

54.
Grant was annoyed by the halfhearted performance from his tired army, but, wrote a British military historian in the 1930s, “it is sometimes difficult to decide where driving force deteriorates into mere pigheadedness and refusal to face unpalatable facts.” Alfred H. Burne,
Lee, Grant, and Sherman
(repr. Lawrence, Kan., 2000), p. 24.

55.
New-York Historical Society,
Narrative of Ebenezer Wells
, May 10, 1864.

56.
Horace Porter,
Campaigning with Grant
(New York, 1906), p. 110.

57.
Lewis (ed.),
My Dear Parents
, p. 85, Horrocks to father, May 31, 1864.

58.
Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters
, vol. 2, p. 131, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Charles Francis Adams, May 29, 1864.

Chapter 29: “Defiance to Her Enemies”

 
1.
Transactions of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, John Ward Diary, pp. 178–79.

 
2.
The Times,
May 27, 1864.
Les Misérables
had been published in New York to great acclaim in 1862.

 
3.
Francis W. Dawson,
Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865
, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), p. 130.

 
4.
Merseyside Maritime Museum, Fraser, Trenholm MSS, B/FT, box 81, p. 298, Prioleau to Henry Wise, May 17, 1864.

 
5.
Samuel Bernard Thompson,
Confederate Purchasing Operations Abroad
(Gloucester, Mass., 1973), p. 40.

 
6.
James M. Morgan,
Recollections of a Rebel Reefer
(Boston, 1917), p. 180.

 
7.
Ibid., p. 182.

 
8.
Ibid.

 
9.
Warren F. Spencer,
The Confederate Navy in Europe
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1983), p. 194. The blockade-running business had remained an exclusive club of a small number of shipping firms. The most accurate calculation to date lists only 111 British-owned ships between 1861 and 1865.

10.
Library of Congress, Mason Papers, Lindsay to Mason, May 10, 1864.

11.
Ibid., Tremlett to Mason, June 2, 1864.

12.
Ibid., Maury Papers, Tremlett to Maury, June 1, 1864.

13.
ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 1144, Mason to Benjamin, June 9, 1864.

14.
The name Cold Harbor came from the local tavern, which offered beds for the night but not hot meals.

15.
Frederick W. Seward (ed.),
Seward at Washington
(New York, 1891), p. 223.

16.
Ernest Samuels (ed.),
Henry Adams: Selected Letters
(Cambridge, Mass., 1988), p. 68, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., June 10, 1864.

17.
Norman C. Delaney,
John McIntosh Kell of the Raider Alabama
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1973), p. 157.

18.
Raphael Semmes,
Service Afloat: A Personal Memoir of My Cruises and Services
(1868; repr. Baltimore, 1987), p. 750.

19.
John Morris Ellicott,
The Life of John Ancrum Winslow
(New York, 1905), p. 179.

20.
Frederick Milnes Edge,
An Englishman’s View of the Battle Between the Alabama and the Kearsarge
(New York, 1864), pp. 27–28, D. H. Llewellyn to Travers, June 14, 1864.

21.
Robert Underwood Johnson and Clarence Clough Buel (eds.),
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War
, 4 vols. (Secaucus, N.J., 1985), vol. 4, p. 607.

22.
Ellicott,
The Life of John Ancrum Winslow
, p. 193.

23.
Charles Grayson Summersell,
CSS Alabama
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1985), p. 77.

24.
Ibid.
,
p. 78.

25.
Edge,
An Englishman’s View of the Battle Between the Alabama and the Kearsarge
, p. 28.

26.
A week after Llewellyn’s death, the doctors and students at his alma mater, Charing Cross Medical School, voted to open a subscription fund in memory of his sacrifice. The public subscription was especially popular with doctors in the Indian Army. Enough money was raised to found the Llewellyn Scholarship Prize, and two memorials, one at Charing Cross Hospital and the other at his parish church, Easton, in Wiltshire. The marble plaque at Charing Cross paid tribute to Llewellyn’s bravery and sacrifice under fire:
IN MEMORY OF DAVID HERBERT LLEWELLYN, FORMERLY A STUDENT OF THIS HOSPITAL AND AFTERWARDS SURGEON TO THE CONFEDERATE STATES WAR STEAMER ALABAMA. AFTER HER ACTION WITH THE FEDERAL STEAMER “KEARSARGE” OFF CHERBOURG, THOUGH ENTREATED BY THE WOUNDED TO JOIN THEM IN THEIR BOAT, HE REFUSED TO PERIL THEIR SAFETY BY SO DOING, AND WENT DOWN WITH THE SINKING VESSEL, ON 19TH JUNE 1864 IN THE 26TH YEAR OF HIS AGE. THIS TABLET HAS BEEN ERECTED AND A SCHOLARSHIP FOUNDED IN HIS NAME BY HIS FELLOW STUDENTS, AND OTHERS IN ENGLAND AND INDIA TO COMMEMORATE HIS SELF-SACRIFICING COURAGE AND DEVOTION.

27.
NARA, M.T-185, roll 8, vol. 8, U.S. Consuls in Bristol, Consul Eastman to Seward, June 23, 1864.

28.
Somerset RO, Somerset MSS, d/RA/A/2a/40/10, Palmerston to Somerset, June 21, 1864.

29.
W. C. Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters: 1861–1865
, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 2, p. 158, Henry Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., June 24, 1864.

30.
See Beth Archer Brombert,
Édouard Manet
(Chicago, 1997), pp. 159–60, for the reasons why, contrary to popular belief, Manet did not witness the battle. The quotation in the footnote on this page is from W. S. Hoole,
Confederate Foreign Agent: The European Diary of Edward C. Anderson
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1976), July 17, 1864.

31.
Brian Jenkins,
Britain and the War for the Union
, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974, 1980), vol. 2, p. 333.

32.
A week later, one of the
Phaeton
’s lieutenants was kidnapped and crimped while on shore leave. Consul Bernal eventually rescued him from trench duty outside Baltimore.

33.
New-York Historical Society,
Narrative of Ebenezer Wells
(
c.
1881), June 9, 1864.

34.
OR, ser. 1, vol. 36/4, soc. 64, p. 138, Canby to Major General A. J. Smith.

35.
Thomas E. Pemberton,
Sir Charles Wyndham: A Biography
(London, 1904), p. 21.

36.
James G. Hollandsworth, Jr.,
Pretense of Glory
(Baton Rouge, La., 1998), p. 211.

37.
Edward Lyulph Stanley, 4th Baron Stanley of Alderley, letters from America, Royal Commonwealth Society Library, Cambridge, Stanley to Blanche, May 21, 1864.

38.
Ibid., Stanley to Kate, June 9, 1864. When Stanley visited General Banks at his office on June 3, the general showed no embarrassment over his recent demotion, though he admitted his frustration with the slow pace of change for former slaves. His main source of pride was the number of negroes entering the army. The Louisiana Native Guards who fought at Port Hudson had been the first black regiment officially mustered into the army. Since then another thirty black regiments had been formed, with at least 18,000 black recruits, and more were coming.