A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War (181 page)

17.
David Hepburn Milton,
Lincoln’s Spymaster: Thomas Haines Dudley and the Liverpool Network
(Mechanicsburg, Pa., 2003), p. 121.

18.
Sarah Agnes Wallace and Frances Elma Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran, 1857–1865,
2 vols. (Chicago, 1948, 1949), vol. 2, pp. 1346–47, November 7–8, 1864.

19.
Sheffield Archives, WHM 460a/47, Spence to Wharncliffe, November 2, 1864. C. Vann Woodward,
Mary Chesnut’s Civil War
(New Haven, 1981), p. 664, Varina Davis to Mary Chesnut, October 8, 1864. The source for the quotation in the first footnote on this page is Sheffield WHM 460a/46, Spence to Wharncliffe, October 31, 1864.

20.
Sheffield, WHM 460a/51, Wharncliffe to Adams, November 9, 1864.

21.
Library of Congress, Hotze Papers, private letterbook, Hotze to Gregg, October 8, 1864. The journal was moving from its two rooms in Bouverie Street to more spacious premises at 291 Strand, and Hotze could not afford any decrease in the circulation. Yet he must have seen the increasing references in the press to the South as a slave state. On the same day as his reproof to Gregg, a writer in the
Dumfries Standard
declared that he hoped “the day is not far distant when a deep sense of shame shall be felt in this country for even the partial and temporary sympathy manifested for the pro-slavery States of America.” Loraine Peters, “The Impact of the American Civil War on the Local Communities of Scotland,”
Civil War History,
49 (2003).

22.
The
Index
was printing 2,250 copies a week—an impressive circulation considering that John Bright’s
Morning Star
circulation was only 5,000.

23.
Angus Hawkins,
The Forgotten Prime Minister
, vol. 2 (Oxford, 2008), p. 291.

24.
SRO, Somerset MSS, d/RA/A/2a/40/13, Palmerston to Duke of Somerset, September 6, 1864.

25.
Scott Thomas Cairns, “Lord Lyons and Anglo-American Diplomacy During the American Civil War,” Ph.D thesis, London School of Economics, 2004, p. 348, Palmerston to de Grey, September 11, 1864.

26.
Somerset RO, Somerset MSS, d/RA/A/2a/40/16, Palmerston to Duke of Somerset, November 30, 1864.

27.
MHS, Adams MSS, Diary of Charles Francis Adams, November 21, 1864. While writing about his fears of a Democratic victory, he revealed an ugly prejudice against the Democratic financier Augustus Belmont, whom he slated as “the German Jew agent of the foreign stockbrokers, the Rothschilds.”

28.
Russell thought he was giving more than they deserved when he wrote: “Of the causes of the rupture Her Majesty’s Government have never presumed to judge.… Such a Neutrality Her Majesty has faithfully maintained and will continue to maintain.”
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Confederacy, Including the Diplomatic Correspondence, 1861–1865
, 2 vols. (Nashville, 1905), vol. 2, p. 687, Russell to Commissioners, November 25, 1864.

29.
E. D. Adams,
Great Britain and the American Civil War
, 2 vols. in 1 (New York, 1958), vol. 2, p. 243. Slidell visited the French Foreign Ministry, thinking that the foreign minister wished to discuss the manifesto. Instead, he received an official complaint regarding the forced enlistment of French subjects into the Confederate army. The minister refused to show any interest in the capture of CSS
Florida
in neutral waters, or in any other U.S. infringements dangled before him by Slidell.

30.
Ernest Samuels (ed.),
Henry Adams: Selected Letters
(Cambridge, Mass., 1985), p. 71, Adams to Charles Francis Adams, Jr., November 25, 1864.

31.
Wallace and Gillespie (eds.),
The Journal of Benjamin Moran
, vol. 2, p. 1354, December 1, 1864, and November 30, 1864.

32.
W. C. Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865
, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 2, p. 223, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Henry Adams, November 14, 1864.

33.
The system for exchanging prisoners had worked according to a strict hierarchy: 1 general = 46 privates; 1 major general = 40 privates; 1 brigadier general = 20 privates; 1 colonel = 15 privates; 1 lieutenant colonel = 10 privates; 1 major = 8 privates; 1 captain = 6 privates; 1 lieutenant = 4 privates; 1 noncommissioned officer = 2 privates.

34.
William Elsey Connelley,
A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans
, 5 vols. (New York, 1918), vol. 5, p. 2473.

35.
James Pendlebury MSS, private collection.

36.
Arnold Haultain (ed.),
Reminiscences by Goldwin Smith
(New York, 1910), p. 336.

37.
Goldwin Smith wrote, for example: “Does the Bible Sanction American Slavery?” (1863), as well as his “Letter to a Whig Member of the Southern Independence Association” (1864).

38.
Haultain (ed.),
Reminiscences by Goldwin Smith
, p. 353.

39.
Robin Winks,
Canada and the United States: The Civil War Years
(Lanham, Md., 1988), p. 305.

40.
Michael Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln
, 2 vols. (New York, 2008), vol. 2, p. 740.

41.
PFRA
, 2/2 (1864), p. 760, Seward to Lyons, November 3, 1864.

42.
Frederick W. Seward (ed.),
Seward at Washington
(New York, 1891), p. 250.

43.
William Cooper,
Jefferson Davis, American
(New York, 2000), p. 539.

44.
Bell I. Wiley,
Confederate Women
(New York, 1975), p. 109.

45.
John B. Jones,
A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital
, ed. Earl Schenck Miers (Urbane, Ill., 1958), p. 447, November 9, 1864.

46.
A. S. Lewis (ed.),
My Dear Parents
(New York, 1982), p. 108.

47.
Francis W. Dawson,
Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865
, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), p. 204, Dawson to mother, November 25, 1864.

48.
Ibid., pp. 132–33.

49.
Jones,
A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary
, p. 456, December 5, 1864.

50.
Dawson,
Reminiscences,
p. 205, Dawson to mother, November 25, 1864.

51.
Mark Grimsley,
The Hard Hand of War
(Cambridge, 1995), p. 188. In popular myth, thousands of families were driven out into the desolate countryside at the point of the bayonet. In reality, 1,644 people, including 860 children, were put on trains to nearby towns.

52.
Archibald McCowan, “Five Months in a Rebel Prison, 1 October 1864 to 1 March 1865,”
Victorian Periodical Review
(1993).

Chapter 35: “The British Mark on Every Battle-field”

 
1.
Oscar A. Kinchen,
Confederate Operations in Canada
(Hanover, Mass., 1970), p. 117.

 
2.
ORN, ser. 1, vol. 3, p. 718, Thompson to Benjamin, December 3, 1864.

 
3.
Frederick Job Shepard,
The Johnson’s Island Plot: An Historical Narrative of the Conspiracy of the Confederates …
, ed. Frank H. Severance (Buffalo, 1906; repr. Ithaca, N.Y., 2007), p. 45.

 
4.
John W. Headley,
Confederate Operations in Canada and New York
(New York, 1906), p. 271.

 
5.
Ibid., p. 272.

 
6.
New York Times
, November 26, 1864.

 
7.
Edward O. Cunningham, “In Violation of the Laws of War,”
Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association
, 18/2 (Spring 1977), pp. 189–201.

 
8.
New York Times
, November 27, 1864.

 
9.
George Templeton Strong,
Diary of the Civil War, 1860–1865
, ed. Allan Nevins (New York, 1962), p. 522, November 29, 1864.

10.
Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs
, 2 (1864), p. 370, Seward to Lyons, December 4, 1864.

11.
Joseph Burnley, the new legation secretary, complained that once Lyons fell ill it became next to impossible to get him to write his letters. An unofficial count by Lord Lyons’s biographer revealed a grand total of 8,236 letters written by Lyons since 1861. It was no wonder that he could not face another dispatch.

12.
Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs
, 1 (1864), p. 370, Seward to Adams, December 5, 1864.

13.
PRO FO881/1334, p. 72, Monck to Burnley, December 14, 1864.

14.
Headley,
Confederate Operations
, p. 309.

15.
W. C. Ford (ed.),
A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865
, 2 vols. (Boston, 1920), vol. 2, p. 238, Charles Francis Adams, Jr., to Henry Adams, December 25, 1864.

16.
Sumner’s bill to forbid segregation on Washington’s streetcars died in the House through lack of support.

17.
“Letters of Goldwin Smith to Eliot Norton,”
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
, 49 (1916), p
.
115, Goldwin Smith to Norton, December 29, 1864.

18.
Kinchen,
Confederate Operations in Canada
, p. 177; ORN, ser. 1, vol. 3, p. 930, Thompson to Benjamin, December 3, 1864.

19.
William Tidwell, James Hall, and David Winfred Gaddy,
Come Retribution: The Confederate Secret Service and the Assassination of Lincoln
(Ann Arbor, Mich., 1988), p. 203.

20.
Cleburne concluded: “It is said slavery is all we are fighting for, and if we give it up we give up all. Even if this were true, which we deny, slavery is not all our enemies are fighting for. It is merely the pretense to establish sectional superiority and a more centralized form of government, and to deprive us of our rights and liberties. We have now briefly proposed a plan which we believe will save our country. It may be imperfect, but in all human probability it would give us our independence.… Negroes will require much training; training will require time, and there is danger that this concession to common sense may come too late.” OR, ser. 1, vol. 52/2, p. 592, Cleburne to Johnston, January 2, 1864.