Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (94 page)

first account: William Drummond, "Raped Bengalis Called 'Heroes,' " New York Post, Dec. 22, i97i.

"A stream of victims": Joseph Fried, "Women Back in Jessore as Terror Lif ts," New York
Daily
News, Dec. 27, i97i.

press conference in Geneva: Associated Press, Jan. i7, 1972; United Press International, Jan. i 7, 1972;
New
York Times, Jan. i8, 1972.
"It
is unthinkable": Shelley Steinberg et
al.,
"To the Editor" (Jan. 24, 1972) ,
New
York
Times,
Feb. 9, 1972.

International aid from Planned Parenthood:
Jill
Tweedie, "The

Rape of Bangladesh," The Guardian, London, Mar.
6,
1972; Robert Trumbull, "Dacca Raising the Status of Women While Aiding Rape Victims,"
New
York
Times,
May 12, 1972.

Bengal was a state: Accurate statistics concerning the Bangladesh war are impossible to come by. What
is
incontrovertible, or at least im partially confirmed by all sources, is the original population estimate, the length of the Pakistani repression, and the period of India's armed intervention. Body counts of the dead, the refugee population, and the number of raped women fluctuated wildly from newspaper report to newspaper report as the full horror of Bangladesh became known. For example, some reports maintained that "tens of thou sands" may have lost their lives and "tens of thousands" may have fled across the border. As for the statistic of most concern to us here, the number of raped women, AP and UPI used the 200,000 figure on Jan. i 7, 1972, the
New
York Times of Mar. 5, 1972, reported 50,000, and the
New
York
Times Magazine
of Jan. 21, 1973, p. 22, used the 400,000 figure. Intermediate figures popped up on other occasions.

Eighty percent were Moslems: Berengere d'Aragon, photo captions and research material for Black Star, March 1972.

purdah: Rounaq Jahan, Dacca University, "Women in Bangladesh," paper presented at the
IX
International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Chicago, Aug. 28-Sept. 8, 1973 (mimeo) ; also in Ruby Rohrlich Leavitt, ed., Women Cross-Culturally: Change and Cha11enge, The Hague: Mouton Publications, 1975.

racial difference: Berengere d'Aragon. . rape by Mukti Bahini and Bihari razakars: Ibid.

Aubrey Menen reconstructed: Aubrey Menen, "The Rapes of Bang ladesh,"
New
York
Times
Magazine, July 23, 1972, pp.
11
ff.

Girls of eight, grandmothers of seventy-five: Berengere d'Aragon.

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SOURCE NOTES
I
415

military barracks, women kept naked: Jill Tweedie. See also New

York Times,
Mar. 5, 1972.

pornographic movies:
Jill
Tweedie, quoting Indian writer Dr. Mulk

Raj
Anand.

Khadiga, Kamala Begum: Berengere d'Aragon. ill-starred campaign: Robert Trumbull.

demands of the men, attitudes of the women:
Ibid .

(
84)
venereal disease:
Ibid.

(
84)
25,000 pregnancies: "Killing of Babies Feared in Bengal" (AP) , New York Times, Mar. 5, 1972.

(
84)
would never be accepted:
Ibid;
also Berengere d'Aragon.

(
84)
suicide, infanticide, indigenous abortion: Robert Trumbull.

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Mother Theresa'.s: Menen; d'Aragon.

abortion clinics: Trumbull; d'Aragon; Jane
E.
Brody, "Physicians Throughout the World Are Studying New, Simple Techniques for Terminating Pregnancies," New York
Times,
Dec. 20, 1973.

a woman doctor: Berengere d'Aragon. Women social workers:
Ibid .

"An earning woman": Khushwant Singh, "Bangladesh, after the first year: Will it ever be a workable country?" New York Times Magazine, Jan. 21, 1973, p. 22.

". . . landed in brothels":
Ibid .

"a campaign of terror": Aubrey Menen.

" . . to create a new race":
Jill
Tweedie.

Lansdale mission: The Pentagon Papers as published by The New York Times, New York: Bantam, 1971, p. 55.

Peter Arnett: All quotations and comments attributed to AP's special correspondent were obtained by the author in interviews conducted in New York City on Dec. u, 1972, Dec. 19, 1972, and Jan. 22,

1
973·

American Civil War, low rape: This _phenomenon was first suggested to me by Harper's Magazine editor john Fischer, a Civil War buff, who wrote to me on Jan. 18, 1973, "I have never run across any mention of rape in my fairly extensive reading in memoirs about the Civil War. For example, of Sherman's march from Atlanta to the sea they are full of outrage about the behavior of the Northern troops, mentioning every teaspoon stolen and every barn burned-but in none of them did I ever see any accusation of rape, or even of serious discourtesy." Fischer's observation was confirmed for me by historian James Shenton of Columbia University, and others. Although his torians of other wars also tended to dismiss the incidence of rape when I spoke with them, books they directed me to, or books I found on my own, gave me ample evidence with little difficulty. My ex ploratory readings into the American Civil War, unlike the American Revolution or any other war I looked into, drew a blank. I found fear of rape as Sherman's army advanced, for example, in Mary Boykin Chestnut's
Diary
from Dixie, and in a few other sources, but nothing concrete. The lack of documentation in the personal

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memoirs, I think, is significant, but I stand ready to be corrected by some later historian.

South Vietnamese rape in Cambodia: Henry Kamm, "Big Rubber Tract in Cambodia Falls to Saigon Troops," New York Times, May
25, 1970,
pp.
1, 6.

Sihanouk to Fallaci: New York
Times
Magazine, Aug.
12,
1973,

P·
31.

"Horror stories abound": "Thieu's Political Prisoners of War," Time, Dec.
25, 1972,
p.
18.

French paratroopers, Algeria: Henri Alleg, The Question, New York: Braziller,
1958,
p.
42.

Argentina: Juan de Onis, "The Political Torture of a Woman Shakes Argentina," New York
Times,
May
25, 1972,
p.
3.

Brazil: "Amnesty Group Accuses Brazil of Torturing Political Pris oners," New
York Times,
Sept.
7, 2972,
p.
io.

Angola and Mozambique: "Torture Is Reported" (Reuter), New

York Times,
Mar.
26, 1973,
p.
ii.

Chile: David Binder, "Chile Accused of Torture By OAS Investiga tors," New York Times, Dec.
10,
1974,
p.
8.

Footnote, ". . . not even a needle or thread" : Agnes Smedley,
The
Great Road: The Life and
Times of Chu
Teh
( 1956),
New York: Monthly Review Press,
1972,
p.
229.
See also p.
301.

Footnote, Rather remained unaware: Author's interview with Dan Rather, New York City, Feb.
24, 1975·

Webb, "Everybody wants to know": Judy Klemesrud, "Prisoner of the Vietcong for
23
Days, She Calls the Experience Rewarding," New York Times, Aug. 8,
1972,
p.
38.

Nelson, "This is a question": Vietnam Veterans Against the War, The Winter Soldier Investigation: An Inquiry into American War
Crimes,
Boston: Beacon Press,
1972,
p.
133.

Patton and military brothels: Bernard Fall, Street Without Joy, New York: Schocken,
1972,
p.
133.

French mobile field brothels: Fall, pp.
132-134.

Committee for the Defense, etc.: Andrew Borowiec, Associated Press Special Report, Saigon, July 8,
1966.

U.S. military brothels within perimeter of base camps: For further information, see Charles Winick and Paul M. Kinsie, The Lively Commerce, Chicago: Quadrangle,
1971,
pp.
245-267.
See als.o Stuart H. Loory, Defeated:
Inside
America's
Military
Machine, New York: Random House,
1973,
pp.
214-234.

Army brothels in Vietnam existed by the grace, etc.: Throughout the war, existence of the brothels remained a touchy subject that re porters chose to handle by avoidance. For a rare newspaper treat ment, see "U.S. Army Retreats, Allows Prostitutes on Vietnam Base" ( UPI ) , Washington Post, Jan.
24, 1972.

In
1969
Gls contracted venereal disease: Winick and Kinsie, p.
266.
". . . not being able to live without sex": Time, Feb.
26, 1973,
p.
14.

no comparable training against rape: The Army had four anti-VD

training films in circulation in Vietnam, and an additional three for its medical personnel, but no anti-rape film was ever made or circulated,

SOURCE NOTES
I
417

according to author's telephone conversation with Lynn Gunn-Smith, Army Information Office, Washington, D.C., Aug. 23, 2974.

(97) particularly bad reputations for atrocity: Arnett interviews.

(
98) U.S. Army court-martial statistics, Vietnam: Obtained from Abra ham Nemrow, U.S. Army Court of Military Review (JAG), in Washington, Feb.
2,
2973; confirmed and supplemented by V. M. McElroy, U.S. Army Court of Military Review (JAG) , by telephone to Washington, Sept. 20, 2974.

( 99) U.S. Army court-martial statistics, Korea: Nemrow interview.

(
99) peak troop strength, Korea, Vietnam: By telephone from Col. Audrey Thomas, press officer, Department of Defense, Washington, Sept. 16, 1974.

(99) ". . . some people will say the Army": By telephone from V. M. McElroy, Sept. 1, 1974.

( 100) Air Force court-martial statistics, Vietnam and world-wide:
By
tele

phone from Col. Audrey Thomas, DOD, Sept. 10, 1974.

( zoo ) Footnote,
discussion of Articles in UCMJ: Definitions and table of maximum punishments are contained in Manual for Courts-Martial, United
States,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969, Chap. 25, pp. 13-15. Decline of court-martial rate is discussed in Task Force on Administration
of Military Justice in the
Armed Forces, U.S. Govern ment Printing Office, 1972, Vol. I, pp. 9-11. Catchall use of Article 134 is discussed in Task Force, I, p. 26.

( 101) Navy and Marine Corps court-martial statistics: By telephone from
Lt.
Steve Becker, Navy Information Office, Washington, Sept. 18, 1974.

(101) ". . . we didn't live there":
Ibid.

(101) one specific incident: Daniel Lang, Casualties of War, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969, throughout. Lang's piece originally appeared in
The
New Yorker, Oct. 18, 2969.

(103) My Lai: Seymour M. Hersh, My Lai
4:
A Report
on
the Massacre and
Its
Aftermath, New York: Random House, 1970, pp. 18, 34, 47, 67, 72, 83, 85, 87, 147, 185. See also Joseph Lelyveld, "The Story of a Soldier Who Refused to Fire at Song My," New
York Times
Magazine, Dec. 14, 1969.

( 103) Army's Criminal Investigation Division settled on 347: W. . Peers, Report
of the
Department
of
the Army
Review of
the Preliminary
Investigations into the
My
Lai
Incident, Washington: U.S. Goven ment Printing Office, Mar. 14, 1970, Vol. 1 ( released Nov. 13,

1974), p. 6/18.

( 10
5) Although the Army confirmed: Peers Report, pp.
2/
3, 6/ 8, 6/
10,

6120,
1212,
12/ 33.
The last citation, regarding 2lld Lieutenant Steven
K.
Brooks (Deceased ) , reads as follows: "Although he knew that a number of his men habitually raped Vietnamese women in villages during operations, on 16 March 1968, he observed, did not prevent, and failed to report several rapes by members of his platoon while in My Lai (4) ." .

(105 ) charges were quietly dropped: Seymour M. Hersh "Army Issues My Lai Cover-Up Report," New York
Times,
Nov. 14, 1974, p. 16.

(105} Chu Lai, "a serious incident": U.S. Army, Office of the Judge Ad vocate General, Court of Military Review, CM 419652, United States v. Specialist Four William C. Ficke, Jr., Apr. 25, 1969; U.S.

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Army, Office of the Judge Advocate General, Court of Military Re view, CM 420332, United States v. Captain Leonard Goldman, Dec. 4, 1970. Supplementary material from Maurine Beasley, "Court Clears Captain of Hiding Viet Atrocity," Washington Post, July 31, 1971, p. A-3.

"They only do it": Lucy Komisar, "The Machismo Factor," work

in progress.

"Me and one of the buck sergeants": Roger Neville Williams, The New
Exiles:
American War Resisters in Canada, New York: Live right, 1971, p. 276.

From vet to vet: Winter Soldier Investigation, pp. 13, 28, 29, 44,

46, 53, 67, 94, 118.

RIOTS, POGROMS AND REVOLUTIONS