Americans in Paris: Life & Death Under Nazi Occupation (70 page)

p. 278 ‘Carrying through the study’
Christy,
The Price of Power
, p. 270.

p. 278 ‘It is almost impossible’
A. J. Liebling,
The Road Back to Paris
, London: Michael Joseph, 1944, p. 198.

p. 279 The New York Metropolitan … ‘the Fighting French’
‘Photo of the Week’,
Life
, 7 December 1942, pp. 40–41.

p. 280 ‘His eyes filled’
Drue Tartière with M. R.Werner,
The House near Paris: An American Woman’s Story of Traffic in Patriots
, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1946, p. 139.

p. 280 Noel Murphy and Sarah Watson
The Foyer International des Etudiantes had been founded by Mrs John Jacob Hoff, an American who had been president of the Detroit YWCA. She gave it to the University of Paris. See ‘Mrs. Labouchere, A Welfare Worker’,
New York Times
, 14 April 1943, p. 23.

p. 280 A Hungarian priest with
Drue Tartière said a Hungarian priest had arranged Miss Watson’s release, and Sylvia Beach wrote that the person responsible was the rector of the University of Paris.

p. 280 ‘Suddenly, on Christmas … Ours [the Hôtel Central]’
Sylvia Beach, ‘Inturned’, in Jackson Mathews and Maurice Saillet,
Sylvia Beach (1887–1962)
, Paris: Mercure de France, 1963, p. 140.

p. 281 ‘
Dis à notre ami
’
Letter from Sylvia Beach to Adrienne Monnier, 30 December 1942, Maurice Saillet Collection, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Box 3, Folder 2 (Vittel).

p. 281 Wilkinson had assured
Letter from Tudor Wilkinson to Adrienne Monnier, 7 November 1942, Maurice Saillet Collection, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Box 3, Folder 3.

p. 281 Christmas at Vittel
‘Report on a Visit to the British and American Camp, Vittel, on Monday, January 4th, 1943, by Mr. August Senaud, War Prisoners’ Aid of the YMCA, Paris Office’, p. 2, US National Archives, College Park, Maryland, RG 389, Box 2142, Camp Reports: France, File: Vittel Vosges (Frontstalag 194).

p. 282 ‘Every day I went’
Sylvia Beach, ‘Inturned’, p. 141.

p. 283 ‘From acquaintances in’
Edmond Taylor,
Awakening from History
, Boston: Gambit, 1969, pp. 327–8.

p. 284 ‘Charles Bedaux, the stretch-out’
Commander Harry C. Butcher, ‘Diary–Butcher (November 30, 1942–January 7, 1943) (2)’, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Papers, 1916–1952, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas, Principal File, Box 166. (Ellipses in the original.)

p. 284 ‘I tried to broadcast’
John MacVane, ‘Department of Amplification’, letter to the editor,
The New Yorker
, 3 November 1945, pp. 80–81.

p. 285 ‘German, Italian, French’
Percy E. Foxworth to Director, FBI, 18 February 1942, Serial 100-49901-5, US National Archives, College Park, Maryland.

p. 285 Bedaux’s name
‘Paraphrase of Telegraph, Vichy (Paris) to Secretary of State, September 29, 1941, Subject: Charles E. Bedaux’, File Number 100-49901, Section Number 1, Serials 1–100, US National Archives, College Park, Maryland.

p. 285 ‘no futher action’
P. E. Foxworth, Assistant Director, New York, to Director, Washington, 29 April 1942, 100-49901-6X, US National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Foxworth enclosed a verbatim copy of a report on Marie Claude Carpenter, ‘formerly secretary to Henri Bidaux’. This gossip included her answer to a question in New York about ‘Bidaux’s’ current activities. ‘Working for the Germans, of course,’ was the laconic reply. The conversation further revealed that at that particular moment Bidaux [sic] was ‘working for the Germans in Spain’. If he wanted to close the file at that time, his enclosure was bound to keep it open.

p. 286 ‘where they frequented … Mr. Bedaux’s brother’
Worthing E. Hagerman, Lisbon, ‘Memorandum to Secretary of State, Whereabouts of Charles E. Bedaux, a naturalized American citizen’, 9 June 1942, 100- 49901-8, US National Archives, College Park, Maryland.

p. 286 ‘It is also requested’
J. Edgar Hoover to Special Agent in Charge, New York, 1 August 1942, FBI Files, unnumbered, released under Freedom of Information Act, FOIPA No. 1088544-001.

p. 286 ‘He is reported’
N. L. Pieper, FBI, San Francisco, to Director, FBI, 2 September 1942, FBI Files, unnumbered, released under Freedom of Information Act. FOIPA No. 1088544-001.

p. 287 ‘Fred Ledebur is alleged’
G. R. Levy, FBI, New York, ‘Memorandum for Mr. Ladd, Re: Frederic Ledebur, Espionage–G’, 31 July 1942, FBI Files, unnumbered, released under Freedom of Information Act. FOIPA No. 1088544-001.

p. 287 ‘Will you please forward’
Wendell Berge, Assistant Attorney General, ‘Memorandum for the Director, FBI, Re: Charles E. Bedaux’, 16 October 1942, FBI Files, unnumbered, released under Freedom of Information Act. FOIPA No. 1088544-001.

p. 291 ‘there are six documents’
John Edgar Hoover, Director, FBI, ‘Memorandum for Mr. Tolson, Mr. Tamm, Mr. Ladd’, Document 100- 49901-[illegible], Federal Bureau of Investigation Archives, file provided under a Freedom of Information Act request. FOIPA No. 1088544-001.

p. 292 ‘inquire of General Eisenhower’
John Edgar Hoover, Director, FBI, ‘Memorandum for the Attorney General’, 4 January 1943, Federal Bureau of Investigation Archives, unnumbered file provided under a Freedom of Information Act request and unnumbered. FOIPA No. 1088544-001. (The FBI and Department of Defense declined to supply the author with the War Department’s file on Bedaux that Ladd had attached to the memorandum.)

p. 292 ‘lodged comfortably in a villa’
Gaston Bedaux,
La Vie ardente de Charles Bedaux
, Paris: privately published, 3 June 1959, p. 85.

p. 292 ‘I have had photostatic’
D. M. Ladd, ‘Memorandum for the Director’, 10 January 1943, Federal Bureau of Investigation Archives, file provided under a Freedom of Information Act request and unnumbered. FOIPA No. 1088544-001.

p. 293 ‘Mr. Foxworth attempted’
G. O. Burton, ‘Memorandum for Mr. D. M. Ladd’, Federal Bureau of Investigation Archives, File 100-49901-30 provided under a Freedom of Information Act request. FOIPA No. 1088544-001.

p. 293 ‘Charles E. Bedaux, friend’
‘Bedaux Arrested in Deals with Foe’,
New York Times
, 14 January 1943, p. 1. See also ‘Windsors’ Host Held as Trader with the Enemy’,
Chicago Daily Tribune
, 14 January 1943, p. 5
.

p. 293 ‘quite disappointing’
D. M. Ladd, ‘Memorandum for Mr. Tamm’, 14 January 1943, Federal Bureau of Investigation Archives, File No. 100-49901-22 provided under a Freedom of Information Act request. FOIPA No. 1088544-001.

p. 293 Someone, probably in the State
‘Too Many Systems’,
Time
, 25 January 1943.
Time
wrote, ‘Unofficially it was said he had tried to buy up the North African orange crop for the Nazis. Bedaux’s record would indicate that his zest for chasing dollars had involved him more deeply.’

p. 294 ‘a man who loves danger’
‘Bedaux Arrested in Deals with Foe’,
New York Times
, 14 January 1943, p. 5.

p. 294 ‘sadness and disheartenment’
Bedaux,
La Vie ardente de Charles Bedaux
, p. 103.

p. 298 ‘After receiving your’
Letter from Tudor Wilkinson to Adrienne Monnier, 7 November 1942, Maurice Saillet Collection, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Box 3, Folder 3.

p. 298 ‘I stood there in shock’
Mary Berg (Miriam Wattenberg),
The Diary of Mary Berg: Growing Up in the Warsaw Ghetto
(originally published in English as
Warsaw Ghetto: A Diary
, New York: L. B. Fischer, 1945), translation from the Polish by Susan Glass, Oxford: Oneworld, 2006, p. xxviii.

p. 299 ‘While we are waiting’
Ibid
., p. 210.

p. 299 ‘Not a trace of the snow’
Ibid
., p. 213.

p. 299 ‘When I told them’
Ibid
., p. 214.

p. 299 ‘His wife and child … It seems that the Germans’
Ibid
., p. 234.

p. 300 ‘A problem which concerns’
‘Report on Visit to the Internment Camp of Vittel by Mrs. Andermo and Messrs. Senaud and Andermo on February 8, 1943’, US National Archives, College Park, Maryland, RG 389, Box 2142, File: Vittel Vosges (Frontstalag 194), Camp Reports: France.

p. 300 ‘Resistance was overcome’
Sylvia Beach, ‘Inturned’, in Jackson Mathews and Maurice Saillet,
Sylvia Beach (1887–1962)
, Paris: Mercure de France, 1963, p. 143.

p. 300 ‘There is no more wonderful … The Internees try’
Berg,
The Diary of Mary Berg
, p. 216.

p. 300 ‘The relations between them … The Nazis gave the’
Ibid
., p. 218.

p. 300 Sylvia’s detention allowed
Letter from Holly Beach Dennis to Sylvia Beach, 28 January 1945, in which Holly wrote, ‘I have heard from you three times since June 1940: your letter from camp of October 1942, which reached me in March 1943; your letter of October 1944 (mailed in Washington), which I received on October 10th and your post card of October 16th, 1944.’ Sylvia Beach Collection, CO108, Box 14, Folder 18, Princeton University Library.

p. 301 ‘And what if my dear’
Sylvia Beach, ‘Inturned’, p. 143.

p. 301 ‘I came back to Paris’
Interview with Sylvia Beach by Niall Sheridan,
Self Portraits: Sylvia Beach
, documentary film for Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE), Dublin, 1962.

p. 301 ‘Miss Sarah Watson undertook’
Sylvia Beach,
Shakespeare and Company
, London: Faber and Faber, 1960, p. 220.

p. 302 ‘nobody let on’
Interview with Sylvia Beach by Niall Sheridan,
Self Portraits: Sylvia Beach
, documentary film for Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE), Dublin, 1962.

p. 302 ‘active in bringing out’
Sylvia Beach, ‘French Literature Went Underground’,
New York Herald Tribune
, Paris edition, 4 January 1945, p. 2.

p. 302 ‘
Ce volume, publié
’
Beach,
Shakespeare and Company
, p. 221. ‘Midnight Editions’,
Time
, 25 September 1944.

p. 303 ‘Sylvia has been to see’
Handwritten letter from Adrienne Monnier to Maurice Saillet, 30 March 1943, 6 pages (this passage is on p. 6), Maurice Saillet Collection, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Box 3, Folder 3. Original in French. My translation.

p. 303 ‘to keep them from’
Drue Tartière, with M. R. Werner,
The House near Paris: An American Woman’s Story of Traffic in Patriots
, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944, p. 206.

p. 304 ‘The society charged’
‘De Chambrun Criticized’,
New York Times
, 7 March 1943.

p. 304 ‘restore the dignity’
Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton,
Vichy France and the Jews
, New York: Basic Books, 1981, p. 312.

p. 304 For a time, Vichy
Ibid
., pp. 310–15.

p. 305 ‘organizing a series’
Cable from the Ministry of Economic Warfare to W. Simpson, HM Embassy, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 23 July 1943, R.700/924/2, British National Archives, Kew.

p. 305 No evidence emerged
Secret cable from F. W. McCombe, British Embassy, Washington, DC, 30 November 1943, to H. S. Gregory, Trading with the Enemy Department, 24 Kingsway, London WC2, Number: TED.275, British National Archives, Kew: ‘By a very roundabout process I learn that you have asked Censorship to include the two Polignacs [Guy and Gladys de Polignac], René de Chambrun etc., in the Special Watch List, presumably as part of the chase which involves Laval, the Bank of Worms and Eastern Provinces Administration Ltd.’

p. 305 Although his arrest made
Gaston Bedaux,
La Vie ardente de Charles Bedaux
, Paris: privately published, 3 June 1959, p. 85.

p. 305 United Press correspondent
Geoffrey Warner,
Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France
, New York: Macmillan, 1968, p. 359. Warner relied mainly on documents from German military intelligence, the Abwehr, that survived the war.

p. 306 ‘The Germans are going’
Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy,
I Was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman Based on his Notes and Diaries Made at the Time
, London: Victor Gollancz, 1950, pp. 73–4.

p. 307 ‘Dr Keller was a repulsive’
André Enfière, ‘Edouard Herriot et Pierre Laval’, testimony in
La Vie de la France sous L’Occupation (1940–1944)
, vol. II, Paris: Librairie Plon, 1957, p. 1067.

p. 307 ‘I must admit that’
Ibid.
, pp. 1067–8.

p. 308 ‘No indication subject … Acquaintances characterize subject’
FBI Form Number 1, ‘Title: Frederic Ledebur’, 8 April 1943, Federal Bureau of Investigation Archives, file provided under a Freedom of Information Act request and unnumbered. FOIPA No. 1088544-001.

p. 309 ‘Did Watchdog, who was’
‘Minutes of the Working Committee, Hemisphere Intelligence Conference, Wednesday, March 24, 1943, New York City’, Federal Bureau of Investigation Archives, file provided under a Freedom of Information Act request and unnumbered. FOIPA No. 1088544-001.

p. 309 ‘Charles Eugene Bedaux’
The FBI refused to provide the transcript of that interview and other documents sixty years later, despite repeated Freedom of Information appeals.