Authors: Michael Lind
technological innovation during, 135–137
telegraph and, 159
Clark, John Bates, 213, 215
Clark, Tom, 300
Clarke, Chapman and Co., 198
Clay, Henry, 47, 57
American System of, 8, 16, 81, 104–108, 116–117, 140–141, 460
Compromise Bill of 1832 and, 109
Compromise of 1850 and, 127
Jackson and, 109, 111, 114, 115
tariffs and, 144
Clay, John, 140–141
Clayton Act (1914), 173, 230, 365
Clemens, Samuel Langhorne (Mark Twain), 210, 233
Clermont (manor house), 61
Clermont
(steamboat), 88
Cleveland, Grover, 168, 173, 180, 221–222
Clinton, DeWitt, 53–55, 88
Club of Rome, 379
coal
coal gas used as fuel, 199
electricity generation and, 199, 339
mining of, 94–95
railroads and, 92–93
Cobden, Robert, 100–101
Cockcroft, John, 403
Code Savary, 32
Coffin, Howard E., 241
Cohen, Benjamin, 285
Coin’s Financial School
(Harvey), 179
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 32
Cold War, free trade concessions during, 331–332, 368–376, 456–457
Collins, Thomas, 89–90
Colt, John, 3
Colt, Peter, 2
Colt, Samuel, 3, 97, 98
Commerce Clause, in US Constitution, 88
Committee for Economic Development (CED), 352
Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), 435
Commons, John R., 227
Commonwealth Edison Company, 249
Communications Satellite Corporation (Comsat), 406
Competitive Equality Banking Act (1987), 386
Compromise of 1850, 127–128
Compromise of 1877, 174
Compton, Arthur, 404
computers, evolution of, 11, 407–409
Computer Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR), 410
Conant, James, 396
Confederate States of America (CSA)
constitution’s weaknesses, 130–131
reliance on agriculture and shunning of manufacturing, 8, 130–131, 132–134, 464
conglomerates, 365–366, 436
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 298, 321
Connally, John, 376
Connally, Tom, 334
Connally Hot Oil Act, 334
Constitution, of United States
Commerce Clause, 88
preamble contrasted to CSA’s, 131
Sixteenth Amendment, 138, 231
Washington and Constitutional Convention, 30
consumer credit, growth after World War I, 254
container ships, 424–425
Cooke, Henry, 138
Cooke, Jay, 138–139, 193
Coolidge, Calvin, 255, 266
Cooper, Peter, 93
Cooper, Richard, 271
Cooper, Thomas, 112–113
Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export, 331
Corcoran, Tommy “the Cork,” 285, 293, 299
Corn Laws, in Britain, 100
Coronet
magazine, 400
corporations.
See also
employer-based benefits
federal incorporation laws, 227–228
mergers in late nineteenth century, 213–233
Corresca, Rocco, 169
Corwin, Abel, 158
cotton, 7–8, 122–123
CSA’s reliance on, 132–134
cotton gin, 123
Cotton Is King; or, Slavery in the Light of Political Economy
(Christy), 126
Coulomb, Charles Augustin de, 190
Countrywide Financial, 434, 447
Cox, Christopher, 447
Cox, Father James, 283
Coxe, Tench, 38, 39, 41, 43
creative destruction, 224
Creditanstalt, 270
Credit Mobilier, 143, 155–156
Croly, Herbert, 225
Crooks, Ramsay, 73
crop-lien system, in post–Civil War South, 175–176
CSS
Virginia
, 137
Cunard, Samuel, 90
currency issues.
See also
trade
bimetallism, 37, 149, 183
late twentieth century manipulation of, 429–431
Legal Tender Act and creation of national, 141–142
Next American economy and dollar’s status as reserve currency, 459
Reconstruction and return to gold standard, 148–149
current-account deficits
in 1970s, 376
in 1980s, 388–390
China and, 423, 428–433
Japan and, 371–373
maldistribution of income in early twentieth century and, 262–266
Currie, Lauchlin, 302–303
curtain-wall construction, of buildings, 209–210
Curtiss-Wright Corporation, 4
Czech Republic, 37
Czolgosz, Leon, 183
Daimler, Gottlieb, 191, 199
Dallas, Alexander, 71
dams, 275, 276, 304, 312, 318, 338–339
Daugherty, Harry, 258
Davis, Norman, 266
Davison, Henry, 222–223
Dawes, Charles G., 264
Dawes Plan, 264–266
Debow, James B. D., 133
Debs, Eugene, 166, 173
debt peonage, 175–176
Deep Blue computer, 409–410
Deere, John, 87
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 420, 466
Defense Plant Corporation, 308, 311–312, 348
defense spending
under Carter and Reagan, 391
national security and, 463–464
deficit spending
Great Recession and irrational fears about deficits, 454–456
national debt in World War II, 325
recession of 1928–1933 and New Deal relief programs, 285–300
recession of 1937–1938, 300–303
deflation, Great Depression and, 278–279
DeGolyer, Everette, 335
deindustrialization, of US, 433
Delano, Frederic, 341
Delano, Warren II, 65
Delaware, 216–217
DeLong, Bradford, 221
demographic changes, post–World War II, 341–345, 356–362, 451–452
Dempsey, Paul Stephen, 383–384
Deng Xiaoping, 431
deposit insurance, 286
Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act, 385–386
Derby, Elias Hasket, 63–64
deregulation.
See
New Deal, dismantling of
Desert Land Act (1877), 177–178
developmental capitalism, of Hamilton, 12–13, 460.
See also
New Nationalism
Bryan and, 182
List and, 224
producerism contrasted, 15–17
Dickinson, John, 288
Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie, 251
Dictionnaire universel de commerce
(Savary), 32
Diesel, Rudolf, 199
Diesel engines, 199–200
Digges, Thomas, 39
Digital Library Initiative (DLI), 420
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, 449
Dodge, John and Horace, 247
dollar.
See also
currency issues
origin of term, 37
reserve currency status and, 459
Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, 435
Donnelly, Ignatius, 179
Doriot, George, 418
Douglas, Lewis, 288
Douglas, Stephen A., 129–130, 143
Douglas, William O., 302
Dow Chemical, 374
Dow Jones Industrial Average, 196, 269–270
Doyle, Geraldine Hoff, 321
Drake, Edwin, 77, 161, 200
Dred Scott v. Sanford
, 130
Drew, Daniel, 157–158
Drucker, Peter, 367, 440
Duane, James, 31
Duane, William, 115
Dubinsky, David, 298
Duer, William, 41–42
Dunlop, J. B., 200
Dunne, Finley Peter, 226–227
DuPont, 192, 217, 313, 349
Durand, W. F., 404
earned-income tax credit (EITC), 474, 475
Easley, Ralph Montgomery, 227
Eastman Kodak, 192, 217, 251, 416
Eccles, Marriner, 274, 285, 301, 302
Eckert, J. Presper, 408, 413
Eckert, Wallace J., 411
Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, 413
Eckes, Alfred E., 369
E. C. Knight
, 232
Economic Basis of Protection, The
(Patten), 147
Economic Opportunity Act (1964), 359
Economic Revitalization Board, 380
Economics
(Samuelson), 357
Eddy, Arthur Jerome, 258
Edgar Thomson Steel Company, 162
Edison, Thomas, 3, 9, 202, 397–398
AC/DC issue, 196–197
electric motors, 9, 198
Ford and, 246–247
Insull and, 249
lightbulbs, 194–195
movie trust and, 251–252
research and development, 192–194
Edison Electric Illuminating Company, 195–197
Edison General Electric, 249
Edison Manufacturing Company, 251
education
in early age of steam, 97–98
land-grant colleges, 149–150, 192, 203–204
Next American Republic and proposals for higher-education, 476–477
Edwards, Corwin, 300
Einstein, Albert, 403
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 10, 182, 319, 336, 340, 351, 360, 370
Eizenstat, Stuart E., 387
Electric Home and Farm Authority, 338
electricity
AC/DC issue, 195–197
automobile industry and, 247–248
deregulation of industry, 383
discovery of, 189–194
electric motors, 9, 197–198
growth and regulation of sector, after World War II, 336–339
household appliances, 344–345
industry productivity increases, 262
lighting, 194–195
private utility industry, 249–250
trolley systems, 209
electric numerical integrator and calculator (ENIAC), 408
Electrocuting an Elephant
(film), 197
elevators, 209–210
Elizabeth, New Jersey, 452
Ellis Island, 168–169
Ely, Richard T., 214
Emergency Banking Act, 286
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, 447–448
Emergency Relief and Construction Act, 281
Emergency Revenue Act (1916), 241
Emergency Tariff Act (1921), 265–266
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 105
employer-based benefits
dismantling of system of, 364
health insurance, in World War II, 326
in Next American Economy, 475–476
retirement plan changes in twenty-first century, 437–442
Empress of China
, 63
Engelbart, Douglass, 419
England.
See
Britain
England’s Treasure by Foreign Trade
(Mun), 22
Enron, 384
environmental movement, emergence of, 379
Equitable Insurance Building, 209
Erie Canal, 7, 53–57
Erie Railway Company, 157–158
Essex
, 76
European Coal and Steel Community, 332
European Economic Community, 332, 371
European Space Agency, 406
Evans, Matthew, 194
Evans, Oliver, 90–91
Evans, Redd, 321–322
excise taxes
Civil War debts and, 137–138
Great Depression and, 305
on whiskey, 35
Export-Import Bank, 355
ExxonMobil, 162
Fairbank, John K., 65
Fairchild Semiconductor, 414, 416
Fairfield, George A., 97
Fair Housing Act (1968), 357
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 295, 343
Fannie Mae, 355, 430, 444, 446, 447
Faraday, Michael, 190, 191, 197–198
Farm Bureau, 347
Farm Credit System, 355, 467
Farmer, Moses, 194
Farnsworth Television and Radio Company, 207–208
Farwell, Charles and John, 177
Fascism, 288–289
Federal Aid Road Act (1916), 111, 340
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 347
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), 286
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), 287
Federal Farm Board (FFB), 276
Federal Farm Loan Bank System, 277
Federal Home Loan Bank Act (1932), 277, 355
Federal Home Loan Bank System, 277, 355, 467
Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 355, 361
Federalist Papers
, 30, 38
Federal Land-Grant Act, 143
Federal Maritime Commission, 347
Federal Power Act (1935), 337
Federal Power Commission (FPC), 337, 347
Federal Reserve System, 116, 142
establishment of, 222–223
Great Depression and, 280
stock market crash and discount rate, 269
Federal Trade Commission, 230
Fermi, Enrico, 401, 404
Ferrucci, David, 409
Fidelity, 437–438
Filene, Edward, 273
Fillmore, Millard, 143
finance capitalism, transition to managerial capitalism, 349–351
financial crisis, of 2007, 434–435, 444–450.
See also
Great Recession
Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act (1989), 386
financial-market capitalism, 364, 436–440
financial system.
See also
banking system
deregulation of, 385–386
policy proposals for Next American Economy, 467–469
Finland, 371, 372
Firestone, Harvey, 201–202
Firestone tires, 201–202
First American Republic, 5–8, 481
First Industrial Revolution (steam power), 6–8, 81–82, 191, 208, 453–454
American System of H. Clay, 8, 16, 81, 104–108, 116–117, 140–141, 460
American system of manufacturing, 95–97
Civil War and Reconstruction, 129–150
education and technology, 97–98
electric motors and, 198–199
English superiority at start of, 83–85, 99–104
Jackson’s rejection of federal authority, 108–117
railroads and, 90–95, 151–185
regional societal differences and, 119–128
shipping and passenger ship travel, 87–90
Southern opposition to government-sponsored industrial capitalism, 102–104
state infrastructure building, 117–119
textile manufacturing and, 86–87
First National Bank, 219, 231, 232
Fisher, Richard, 440
Fisk, James, 157–158
Fitch, John, 7, 87
Flagler, Henry, 161
Fleming, Alexander, 315
Food Administration, 244–245
Ford, Gerald, 10, 381