Authors: Michael Lind
Ford, Henry, 202, 246–248, 261, 299, 318, 474
Ford, William Clay Jr., 437
Fordism, 260–262, 361
for service sector, 472–475
Walmart and anti-Fordism, 425–426
Ford Motor Company, 247–249, 311, 353–354, 424, 437, 441
Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922), 265–266
foreign direct investment, 265, 377
Foreign Trade Zone 49, 452–453
Forgotten Man, The
(Shlaes), 294
Fort Peck Dam, 338
Foster, William Trufant, 273
France
America War of Independence and, 26
automobile development and, 192
aviation in, 205
Civil War and, 132
economic growth of, 372
manufacturing capacity, after World War I, 263
minimum wage and, 295–296
railroads and, 154
World War I and, 240, 264
Frank, Barney, 447
Frank, Jerome, 285, 288
Frankfurter, Felix, 229, 299
Franklin, Benjamin, 189–190, 191
Franklin, William, 189
Franklin Institute, 95
Freddie Mac, 430, 444, 446, 447
Freeman, S. David, 384–385
free market competition.
See
producerism, of Jefferson
Free to Choose
(Friedman and Friedman), 378
free trade
Cold War concessions to allies, 331–332, 368–376, 456–457
protectionism versus, 146–147
Frémont, John C., 74, 128
Freud, Sigmund, 254
Frezza, Bill, 156
Friant Dam, 338
Frick, Henry Clay, 173
Friedman, Milton, 272, 279, 378
Friedman, Rose, 378
Frigorifique
(ship), 203
Fuel Administration, 243
fugitive-slave law, 120–121
Fuller, Ida May, 296
Fuller, R. Buckminster, 344
Fulton, Robert, 87–89, 92, 191
fur trade, 72–75
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 302, 304, 329, 348, 350, 352, 378, 441
Gale, Leonard, 94
Gallatin, Albert, 43–44, 46, 53, 55, 69–70, 71, 114
Garfield, Dr. Sidney, 318
Garner, John Nance, 284, 334
Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act (1982), 386
Gary, Elbert, 233
Gates, Bill, 417
General Aniline, 313
General Dyestuffs, 313
General Electric, 259, 416
broadcasting and, 207
creation of, 196, 197, 217, 220
employee benefits, 260
financial-market capitalism, 436–437
jet engines, 404, 427
research and development, 192
General Motors, 426, 437
creation of, 249
employee benefits and, 441
twenty-first century bailout of, 448
unions and, 298, 351–354
General Motors Acceptance Corporation, 218
General Services Administration, 348
General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, The
(Keynes), 12
George, Henry, 179, 223
Georgia, 134
Germany
aviation in, 204
banking system, 218
Cold War and mercantilist policies, 371, 372, 457
globalization, 428
Great Recession, 455
import-substitution policy, 146
jet engines, 404–405
manufacturing capacity, after World War I, 263
Next American economy and, 459
research universities in, 202
social reforms in nineteenth century, 223–224
World War I, 235–236, 264–266, 270
World War II, 236–239, 310, 314, 331–332, 397
Gesner, Abraham, 77
Giannini, A. P., 254, 285, 434
Gibbons v. Ogden
, 88, 90
Gilleran, James, 363
Gilman, George F., 252
Girard, Stephen, 49, 65–68, 70–72
Girard College, 66
Glass-Steagall Act, 280, 286, 349, 354, 355, 385–386
repeal of, 435
Glidden, J. F., 177
globalization, early twenty-first century current account deficits and, 423–434
Goethals, George Washington, 238
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 473
Goldman, Eric, 245–246
Goldman Sachs, 435
gold standard
agriculture and, 179
Civil War and debt repayment issues, 148–149
Fisk, Gould, and manipulation of, 158
Hoover and Great Depression mistakes, 280
McKinley and, 183
Nixon and suspension of dollar’s convertibility, 376
Reconstruction and return to, 148–149
Roosevelt and Great Depression, 272, 285
Goldwater, Barry, 182
Gompers, Samuel, 171, 172, 225, 227
Goodrich, Benjamin Franklin, 202
Goodyear, Charles, 201
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, 201–202
Google, Inc., 420–421
Gore, Al, 271
Gorgas, Josiah, 134
Gould, Jay, 157–158
government
Foreign Trade Zone 49 and private cooperation, 452–453
support of innovation, 203–208
support of manufacturing, 465
Government Accounting Office (GAO), 383
Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), 444, 467
Grady, Henry, 175
Grain Stabilization Corporation, 276
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, 382
Grand Coulee Dam, 275–276, 304, 312, 318, 338–339
Grange, 179
Grant, Ulysses S., 135, 145, 158, 165
Great Compression, of incomes, 440–441
Great Depression.
See also
New Deal
causes explored, 271–275
Hoover’s attempts to handle, 275–283
stock market collapse and, 269–271
Great Dismantling.
See
New Deal, dismantling of
Great Migration, 176, 260
Great Northern Railroad, 156
Great Recession, 267, 272, 427, 448–449, 481
global imbalances and, 456
irrational fears of deficit, 454–456
origins, 272
Great Train Robbery, The
(film), 251
Greenspan, Alan, 439
Gribeauval, Jean-Baptiste, 96
grocery chains, 252–253
Groves, Leslie, 403
Guaranty Trust Company, 219
Guericke, Otto van, 190
Gulf Oil, 333, 335
Gulick, Luther, 297
Guthrie, Woody, 339
H1-B visa, 480
Haber, Fritz, 202
Haber-Bosch process, 202
Hale, David, 390
Hall, John H., 97
Halliburton, 285, 316
Hamilton, Alexander, 30–31, 71
assumption of state war debts by federal government, 33–36
Bank of New York and, 41–42
Bank of the United States and, 36
on banks and public utility, 469
developmental economics and, 12–13
Report on Manufactures, 2, 31, 37–39, 40, 104
state-sponsored economic development and, 2–3, 4, 36–47
study of political economy, 31–33
Hamilton, Alexander Jr., 114
Hamilton, Elizabeth Schuyler, 61
Hamilton, James, 113–114
Hammond, George, 40
Hammond, James Henry, 132
Hanch, Charles C., 242
Hanna, Mark, 222, 227
Hanson, P. R. “Roly,” 415
Harding, Warren G., 255, 257
Harford, George and John, 252
Harriman, Henry, 291
Hartford, George, 252
Harvey, William H. “Coin,” 179
Hatch Act (1887), 149–150, 203
Hawaii, 75
Hawley, Willis, 271
Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 271–272
Hay, John, 136, 180, 263
Hayek, Friedrich, 279
Haymarket Riot, 171–172
health care industry, in Next American Economy, 472–473, 475–477
health insurance.
See
employer-based benefits
Hearst, William Randolph, 164
Heinkel, Ernst, 405
Henry, Alexander, 68
Henry, Joseph, 94
Henry J. Kaiser Foundation, 319
Hepburn, William P., 227
Herndon, William, 118, 139
Hewes, George R. T., 21–22
Hewlett, Bill, 416
Hewlett-Packard, 416–417
Heyward, Nathaniel, 124
Higgins, Andrew Jackson, 319
high-speed rail, 466
Hill, James J., 156
Hillman, Sidney, 298
Hoe, Richard, 164
Hoffman, Felix, 203
holding companies, 216–217, 250, 336–337, 354
Holland, John Philip, 3
Hollerith, Herman, 407, 410
Home Ownership Loan Corporation, 289
Homestead Act, 149, 178
Hong Kong, 375, 432
Hoover, Herbert
associationalism of, 257–259, 289, 361
Great Depression and, 269, 275–283, 291
post–World War II, 332, 334
as secretary of commerce, 255–258, 265, 315, 361
tariffs and, 271
World War I and, 244–245, 270
Hoover Dam, 257, 276, 318, 338
Hopkins, Harry, 287, 341
Houdry, Eugene, 315
House, Edward Mandell, 299
housing
government support of expansion of, post–World War II, 341–342
mortgage interest tax deduction and, 442
securitization of mortgages, 444–446
Howard, Christopher, 442
Hudson Bay Company, 68, 74
Huerta, Dolores, 358
Huerta, Victoriano, 238
Hughes, Jonathan, 361
Hume, David, 31
Humphrey, George, 370
Hunt, H. L., 334, 360
Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company
, 143
Hurley, Edward, 243
Huxley, Aldous, 261
Hyatt, John Wesley, 203
hydroelectric dams, 257, 338
hyperlink concept, 419
Ibn Saud, 335
Iceland, 369
Ickes, Harold, 257
IG Farben, 313
Illinois, 118–119, 142–143
Illinois Central Railroad, 143
immigration
between 1840s and World War I, 168–170
labor markets and, 170–172, 364, 470
Lowell and welfare capitalism, 86
post–World War II, 359
to preindustrial United States, 39
quotas in early twentieth century, 259–260
import substitution policy, 45, 95, 104, 105, 141, 146, 147, 183, 257, 368, 428
income inequality.
See
maldistribution of income
income taxes
financing of Civil War and, 137–138
progressivism and Constitutional amendment, 230–231
World War I, 240–241
World War II, 325
India, 428, 457, 459
Indiana, 117–118
Indonesia, 429
indoor plumbing, 344
Industrial State, The
(Galbraith), 350–351
Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies), 172
inflation in 1970s, 367–368
deregulation to control, 380–381, 386–388
information technology.
See
Third Industrial Revolution (information age)
infrastructure, policy proposals for Next American Economy, 466–467
innovation, policy proposals for Next American Economy, 461–463
Inouye, Daniel, 324
Insull, Samuel, 249–250, 336–337
integrated circuits, 414
Intel, 414, 416
interest rates, 387, 447
internal combustion engine, 191–192, 199–200
Internal Revenue Service, 138
International Business Machines (IBM), 373, 437
computer development, 407–414, 417
International General Electric (IGE), 259
International Harvester, 217
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 368, 429
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat), 406
International Telephone and Telegraph (IT&T), 366
Internet, 413, 419–421
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 154, 347
Interstate Highway System, 110, 340–341
Interstate Oil Compact (IOC), 334
investment banks, 354, 440
culture of, 434–435
firewall between investment banks and, 385
firewall between savings and loans and, 363
“Morganization” and, 218–221
“I Paid My Income Tax Today” (song), 325–326
Iran, 335
Iraq, 335
ironclad ships, 137
Irving, Washington, 69
Jablochkoff, Paul N., 194
Jackson, Andrew, 108–109, 182
Bank of the United States and, 8–9, 81, 110, 111–117
Clay and, 109, 111, 114, 115
Clay’s American System and, 16
National Road and, 110–111
Tariff of Abominations and Nullification Crisis, 109–110, 140
War of 1812 and, 43
Jackson, Robert, 299
James, Edmund D., 147
Japan
Cold War and mercantilist policies, 371–373, 376, 428–429, 457
England and, 100
globalization, 428, 432
Great Recession and, 455
immigration policies, 479
import substitution, 146
manufacturing capacity, after World War I, 263
Next American economy and, 459
support of low-end industries, 86
US trade imbalance with, 388–390
World War II, 309–310, 397
Japanese Americans, in World War II, 324
Jarlson, Axel, 170
Jay Cooke & Co., 165
Jefferson, Thomas
Astor and, 69, 73
Bank of the United States, 36, 114
bias against manufacturing, 42–43, 46, 78
on Blanc’s factory, 96
Erie Canal and, 54
on Hamilton, 34
immigration and, 39
O-Grab-Me embargo and, 43, 69
patents and, 40
producerism and, 14–17, 182
slavery and, 57
US currency and, 37
Jenney, William Le Baron, 210
Jennings, Ken, 409–410
Jeopardy
, 409–410
jet engines, 404–405, 424, 427
Jevons, Stanley, 101
Jobs, Steve, 417
Jobs Corps, 359
Johnson, Andrew, 148
Johnson, Griff, 302
Johnson, Hugh, 288–289, 293
Johnson, Lyndon, 317, 338, 346
immigration and, 481
on Roosevelt, 305–306
Roosevelt and, 284
War on Poverty, 358–359, 370
Johnson, Robert Wood, 253
Johnston, William, 75
Joiner, C. M. “Dad,” 334
Joint American Study Company (Jasco), 313
Jones, Jesse, 284, 289
Jones, William, 71
Jones, William R., 162–163