Read Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning Online
Authors: Timothy Snyder
Tags: #History, #Europe, #General, #Military, #World War II
Gustaw Herling-Grudziński
Herling,
World Apart
, 132.
In the case of climate
Only the state can create the structures within which scientists and engineers can develop fruitful technologies. Individuals might follow market incentives in developing fusion and other technologies, but only insofar as the state molds those incentives. The simple decision by a state or states to invest in science would change the mood and deepen confidence in the future.
Understanding the Holocaust
For case studies of the practical dilemmas of rescue, see Power,
Problem from Hell
.
By “Final Solution” I mean the German intention to eliminate the Jews by some means from the territory under their control. By “Holocaust” I mean the version of the Final Solution that was implemented, the mass murder of Jews in Europe.
This book covers a broad linguistic territory. The Jews killed in the Holocaust generally spoke different languages than the people who write about the Holocaust today. My own coverage tilts towards the territories where most European Jews lived and died, and towards their languages at the time, including Yiddish, Polish, and Russian. These languages are written in three different alphabets, the Hebrew, Latin, and Cyrillic. The people who used them were usually multilingual and often known by different names at different stages of life. I transliterate according to simplified versions of the Library of Congress guidelines. Sometimes I spell names as the people in question preferred. I have done my best to keep the complexities arising from transliteration and translation from interfering with voices and arguments. Localities were also known by different names to their different inhabitants at the same time and by different official names as regimes changed over time. I have opted for known English toponyms where such exist and otherwise have used the official name according to the political entity that governed when a locality is first mentioned. Naturally, this does not imply any revanchism on my part. I use “Lwów,” for example, because there is no good English equivalent (no one says “Leopolis”), and this was the official name of the city in Poland at the time when it enters the chronicle. Today the city is in Ukraine and is known as Lviv. I use “Stalino” to describe the major city of the Donbas because this is how it was known in Soviet Ukraine after 1924. Today it is called “Donetsk.” Translations, unless otherwise noted, are my own.
Biblical citations follow the King James Bible. In the bibliography I have indicated a date of first publication of a book when this might be of interest. In the endnotes I use brackets to indicate that encrypted archival material has been decrypted. The notes are coded to the first words of a paragraph rather than to a superscript number. They use a short citation formula of author and brief title; the full citations can be easily located in the bibliography.
| AAN | Archiwum Akt Nowych (Archive of New Files), Warsaw |
| AW | Archiwum Wschodnie, Karta (Eastern Archive, Karta Institute), Warsaw |
| BUW | Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Gabiner Rękopisów (Warsaw University Library Manuscript Department), Warsaw |
| CAW | Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe (Central Military Archive), Rembertów |
| DAVO | Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Volyns’koï Oblasti (State Archive of the Volyn Region), Lutsk |
| FVA | Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies, Yale University |
| GARF | Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (State Archive of the Russian Federation) |
| HI | Hoover Institution, Stanford University |
| IfZ | Institut für Zeitgeschichte (Institute for Contemporary History), Munich |
| JPI | Józef Piłsudski Institute, New York |
| MJH | Museum of Jewish Heritage, New York |
| MWP | Muzeum Wojska Polskiego (Museum of the Polish Army), Warsaw |
| NA | National Archives, Kew, United Kingdom |
| SPP | Studium Polski Podziemnej (Polish Underground Study Trust), London |
| SUSC | Shoah Collection, University of Southern California |
| TsDAVO | Tsentral’nyi Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Vyshchykh Orhaniv Vlady ta Upravlinnia (Central State Archive of Higher Organs of Government and Administration), Kyiv |
| USHMM | United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC |
| YIVO | Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, New York |
| YMA | Manuscripts and Archives, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University |
| YV | Yad Vashem, Jerusalem |
| ŻIH | Żydowski Instytut Historyczny (Jewish Historical Institute), Warsaw |
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