Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning (55 page)

Read Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning Online

Authors: Timothy Snyder

Tags: #History, #Europe, #General, #Military, #World War II

Newspaper and Press Articles (chronological order)

“Die Weltgefahr des Bolschewismus: Rede des Reichskanzlers Adolf Hitler im Berliner Sportpalast.”
Deutschösterreichische Tageszeitung
, 3 March 1933.

“Beck Says Poland Is Not Anti-Jewish.”
New York Times
, 30 January 1937.

“Poles Renew Call for Exile of Jews.”
New York Times
, 14 June 1937.

“Poland Seen Opposed to Palestine Plan.”
New York Times
, 9 July 1937.

“Beck Says Poland Is Loyal to Allies.”
New York Times
, 25 January 1939.

“Stern Gang Leader Hailed as Patriot.”
Times
(London), 16 February 1967.

Perlez, Jane. “Kigeme Journal: Why Worry About Crops When Fishing’s Better!”
New York Times
, 14 December 1989.

Motyka, Grzegorz. “Lachów usunąc.”
Gazeta Wyborcza
, 15 April 2002.

Ridgeway, Eliza. “A Survivor’s Story: Resident Reflects on Family’s Escape from the Nazis.”
Los Altos Town Crier
, 15 April 2009.

“Buying Farmland Abroad: Outsourcing’s Third Wave.”
Economist
, 21 May 2009.

Broder, John M. “Climate Change Seen as Threat to U.S. Security.”
New York Times
, 9 August 2009.

Rogers, Walter. “War Over the Arctic? Climate Change Skeptics Distract Us from Security Risks.”
Christian Science Monitor
, 2 March 2010.

Pięciach, Wojciech. “Szpieg ze Sztokholmu.”
Tygodnik Powszechny
, 19 April 2011.

Goldenberg, Suzanne. “
Wall Street Journal
Rapped Over Climate Change Stance.”
Guardian
(Manchester), 1 February 2012.

“Trouble in the Heartland: Climate-Change Skepticism.”
Economist
, 15 February 2012.

Winston, Andrew. “Politicians Who Deny Climate Change Cannot Be Pro-Business.”
Bloomberg: Harvard Business Review
, 7 September 2012.

“Now You Don’t: Arctic Ice.”
Economist
, 22 September 2012, 89–90.

Union of Concerned Scientists, “Got Science? Not at News Corporation.” 18 October 2012.

“Heartland Institute.”
Sourcewatch.org
, 26 November 2012.

Goldenberg, Suzanne. “US Coastal Cities in Danger as Sea Levels Rise Faster Than Expected, Study Warns.”
Guardian
(Manchester), 27 November 2012.

Pollack, Martin. “Des is a Hetz und kost net viel.”
Der Standard
, 2 March 2013.

“Cold Comfort Farms.”
Economist
, 4 September 2013.

Novorossiia
. 1 August 2014, map.

Davenport, Coral. “Pentagon Signals Security Risks of Climate Change.”
New York Times
, 13 October 2014.

Landler, Mark, “U.S. and China Reach Climate Accord After Months of Talks.”
New York Times
, 11 November 2014.

Secondary Sources

Abrams, Bradley. “The Second World War and the East European Revolution.”
East European Politics and Societies
16, no. 3 (2003): 623–64.

Abramson, Henry.
A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times
, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.

Adam, Uwe Dietrich. “How Spontaneous Was the Pogrom?” In
November 1938: From ‘Kristallnacht’ to Genocide
, edited by Walter H. Pehle, 73–94. Oxford: Berg, 1990.

Alexander, L.V., et al., “Global Observed Changes in Daily Climate Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.”
Journal of Geophysical Research
111 (2006): 1–65.

Aliyu, Rafeeat. “Agricultural Development and ‘Land Grabs’: The Chinese Presence in the African Agricultural Sector.”
Consultancy African Intelligence
, 16 January 2012.

Aly, Götz.
Hitler’s Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State
. Translated by Jefferson Chase. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007.

Aly, Götz, and Susanne Heim.
Vordenker der Vernichtung: Auschwitz und die deutschen Pläne für eine neue europäische Ordnung
. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 1991.

Ancel, Jean.
The History of the Holocaust in Romania
. Translated by Yaffah Murciano. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011.

Angrick, Andrej.
Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord: Die Einsatzgruppe D in der südlichen Sowjetunion 1941–1943
. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2003.

Angrick, Andrej, and Peter Klein.
The “Final Solution” in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941–1944
. Translated by Ray Brandon. New York: Berghahn Books, 2012.

Applebaum, Anne.
Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–1956
. New York: Doubleday, 2012.

Arad, Yitzhak.
Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps
. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.

———.
The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.

———. “Jewish Family Camps in the Forests: An Original Means of Rescue.” In
Jewish Resistance to the Holocaust
, edited by Michael R. Marrus, 234–45. Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1989.

Arad, Yitzhak, Shmuel Krakowski, and Shmuel Spector, eds.
The Einsatzgruppen Reports
. New York: Holocaust Library, 1989.

Arendt, Hannah.
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil
. London: Faber and Faber, 1963.

———.
Essays in Understanding, 1930–1954
. New York: Schocken Books, 2005.

———.
In der Gegenwart
. Munich: Piper, 2000.

———.
The Jewish Writings
. New York: Schocken Books, 2007.

———.
The Origins of Totalitarianism
. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1951.

Armstrong, John.
Soviet Partisans in World War II
. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964.

Arnold, Klaus Jochen. “Die Eroberung und Behandlung der Stadt Kiew durch die Wehrmacht im September 1941: Zur Radikalisierung der Besatzungspolitik.”
Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen
58, no. 1 (1999): 23–64.

Baberowski, Jörg.
Der rote Terror: Die Geschichte des Stalinismus
. Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2003.

Baberowski, Jörg, and Anselm Doering-Manteuffel. “The Quest for Order and the Pursuit of Terror.” In
Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared
, edited by Michael Geyer and Sheila Fitzpatrick, 180–227. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Bacon, Gershon C.
The Politics of Tradition: Agudat Yisrael in Poland, 1916–1939
. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1996.

Bajohr, Frank, and Dieter Pohl.
Der Holocaust als offenes Geheimnis: Die Deutschen, die NS-Führung und die Alliierten
. Munich: Beck, 2006.

Baker, Michael L. “The Coming Conflicts of Climate Change.”
Council on Foreign Relations
, 7 September 2010.

Bärsch, Claus Ekkehard.
Die politische Religion des Nationalsozialismus: Die religiöse Dimension der NS-Ideologie in den Schriften von Dietrich Eckart, Joseph Goebbels, Alfred Rosenberg und Adolf Hitler
. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 1998.

Bartniczak, Mieczysław.
From Andrzejewo to Pecynka, 1939–1944
. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza, 1984.

Bartoszewski, Władysław. “Rozmowa.” In
“Żegota”: Rada Pomocy Żydom 1942–1945
, edited by Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert, 7–36. Warsaw: Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa, 2002.

———.
Warszawski pierścień śmierci
. Warsaw: Świat Ksiażki, 2008.

Bartov, Omer. “Eastern Europe as the Site of Genocide.”
Journal of Modern History
, no. 80 (2008): 557–93.

———.
Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide, and Modern Identity
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Bauer, Yehuda.
The Death of the Shtetl
. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2010.

Bauman, Zygmunt.
Modernity and the Holocaust
. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989.

Bell, J. Bowyer.
Terror Out of Zion: The Israeli Fight for Independence
. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1996.

Bemporad, Elissa.
Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk
. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013.

———. “The Politics of Blood: Jews and Ritual Murder in the Land of the Soviets.” Paper presented at Yale University, 2014.

Bender, Sara.
The Jews of Białystok During World War II and the Holocaust
. Translated by Yaffa Murciano. Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University Press, 2008.

Benecke, Werner.
Die Ostgebiete der Zweiten Polnischen Republik
. Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 1999.

Benz, Wolfgang. “Pogrom und Volksgemeinschaft. Zwischen Abscheu und Beteiligung: Die Öffentlichkeit des 9. November 1938.” In
Die Novemberpogrome 1938: Versuch einer Bilanz
, edited by Andreas Nachama and Claudia Steuer, 8–19. Berlin: Stiftung Topographie des Terrors, 2009.

Benz, Wolfgang, Konrad Kwiet, and Jürgen Matthäus.
Einsatz im “Reichskommissariat Ostland”: Dokumente zum Völkermord im Baltikum und in Weissrussland 1941–1944
. Berlin: Metropol Verlag, 1998.

Beorn, Waitman Wade.
Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust in Belarus
. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2014.

Berger, James.
After the End: Representations of Post-Apocalypse
. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.

Berger, Sara.
Experten der Vernichtung: Das T4-Reinhardt Netzwerk in den Lagern Belzec, Sobibor und Treblinka
. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2013.

Berkhoff, Karel C. “Dina Pronicheva’s Story of Surviving the Babi Yar Massacre: German, Jewish, Soviet, Russian, and Ukrainian Records.” In
The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization
, edited by Ray Brandon and Wendy Lower, 291–317. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.

———.
Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule
. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004.

Beyrau, Dietrich. “Der Erste Weltkrieg als Bewährungsprobe: Bolschewistische Lernprozesse aus dem ‘imperialistischen Krieg.’ ”
Journal of Modern European History
1, no. 1 (2003): 96–123.

Bikont, Anna.
My z Jedwabnego
. Warsaw: Proszyński i S-ka, 2004.

Birnbaum, Pierre.
Prier pour l’état: les Juifs, l’alliance royale et la démocratie
. Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 2003.

———.
Sur la corde raide: Parcours juifs entre exil et citoyenneté
. Paris: Flammarion, 2002.

Biskupska, Jadwiga M. “Extermination and the Elite: Warsaw under Nazi Occupation, 1939–1944.” PhD diss., Yale University, 2013.

Black, Peter. “Askaris in the ‘Wild East’: The Deployment of Auxiliaries and the Implementation of Nazi Racial Policy in Lublin District.” In
The Germans and the East
, edited by Charles W. Ingrao and Franz A. J. Szabo, 277–309. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 2008.

———. “Handlanger der Endlösung: Die Trawniki-Männer und die Aktion Reinhard 1941–1943.” In
Aktion Reinhardt, Der Völkermord an den Juden im Generalgouvernement 1941–1944
, edited by Bogdan Musial, 309–52. Osnabrück, Ger.: Fibre, 2004.

Blank, Stephen. “At a Dead End: Russian Policy in the Far East.”
Demokratizatsiya
17, (2009): 17, 122–44.

Blatman, Daniel.
The Death Marches: The Final Phase of Nazi Genocide
. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011.

Bloom, Allan.
The Closing of the American Mind
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987.

Bloxham, Donald.
The Final Solution: A Genocide
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Böhler, Jochen.
Der Überfall: Deutschlands Krieg gegen Polen
. Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn, 2009.

———.
“Grösste Härte”: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht in Polen September/Oktober 1939
. Osnabrück, Ger.: Deutsches Historisches Institut, 2005.

Borzęcki, Jerzy.
The Soviet-Polish Peace of 1921 and the Creation of Interwar Europe
. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008.

Botz, Gerhard. “ ‘Judenhatz’ und ‘Reichskristallnacht’ im historischen Kontext: Pogrome in Österreich 1938 und in Osteuropa um 1900.” In
Der Pogrom 1938: Judenverfolgung in Österreich und Deutschland
, edited by Kurt Schmid and Robert Streibel, 9–24. Vienna: Picus Verlag, 1990.

———.
Nationalsozialismus in Wien: Machtübernahme, Herrschaftssicherung, Radikalisierung, 1938–1939
. Vienna: Mandelbaum, 2008.

Brakel, Alexander. “ ‘Das allergefährlichste ist die Wut der Bauern’: Die Versorgung der Partisanen und ihr Verhältnis zur Zivilbevölkerung. Eine Fallstudie zum Gebiet Baranowicze 1941–1944.”
Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte
, no. 3 (2007): 393–424.

———.
Unter Rotem Stern und Hakenkreuz: Baranowicze 1939 bis 1944
. Paderborn, Ger.: Schöningh, 2009.

———. “Was There a ‘Jewish Collaboration’ under Soviet Occupation? A Case Study from the Baranowicze Region.” In
Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-Occupied Poland, 1939–1941
, edited by Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, and Kai Struve, 225–44. Leipzig, Ger.: Leipziguniversitätsverlag, 2007.

Brandenberger, David. “Stalin’s Last Crime? Recent Scholarship on Postwar Soviet Antisemitism and the Doctor’s Plot.”
Kritika
, vol. 6, No. 1, 2005, 187–204.

Brandon, Ray. “Deportation ins Reichsinnere.” In
Naziverbrechen: Täter, Taten, Bewältigungsversuche
, edited by Martin Cüppers, Jürgen Matthäus, and Andrej Angrick, 75–88. Darmstadt, Ger.: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2013.

———. “The First Wave.” Unpublished study, 2009.

Braun, Robert, and Peter Tammes. “Religious Deviance and Mobilization: The Rescue of Jews in the Netherlands.” March 2013.

Brautigam, Deborah, and Tang Xiaoyang. “China’s Engagement in African Agriculture: ‘Down to the Countryside.’ ”
China Quarterly
, no. 199 (1999): 686–706.

Brechtken, Magnus.
“Madagaskar für die Juden”: Antisemitische Idee und politische Praxis 1885–1945
. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1997.

Breitman, Richard. “Himmler and the ‘Terrible Secret’ Among the Executioners.”
Journal of Contemporary History
26, nos. 3–4 (1991): 431–51.

Breitman, Richard, and Allan J. Lichtman.
FDR and the Jews
. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2013.

Brown, Oli, and Alec Crawford. “Climate Change and Security in Africa: A Study for the Nordic-African Foreign Ministers Meeting.” International Institute for Sustainable Development, March 2009.

Browning, Christopher R.
Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland
. New York: HarperCollins, 1993.

Bruttmann, Tal.
Au bureau des Affaires juives: L’administration française et l’application de la législation antisémite (1940–1944)
. Paris: La Découverte, 2006.

Buchheim, Hans. “Die Höheren SS-und Polizeiführer.”
Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
11, no. 4 (1963) : 362–91.

Budnitskii, Oleg.
Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917–1920
. Translated by Timothy J. Portice. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.

Burds, Jeffrey. “Agentura: Soviet Informants’ Networks and the Ukrainian Underground in Galicia.”
East European Politics and Societies
11, no. 1 (1997): 89–130.

———.
Holocaust in Rovno: The Massacre at Sosenki Forest, November 1941
. New York: Palgrave, 2013.

Burleigh, Michael.
The Third Reich: A New History
. New York: Hill and Wang, 2000.

Burns, Jennifer.
Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Burrin, Phillip.
Hitler et les Juifs
. Paris: Éditions de Seuil, 1989.

Cabanel, Patrick. “Protestantismes minoritaires, affinités judéo-protestantes et sauvetage des Juifs.” In
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, edited by Jacques Sémelin, Claire Andrieu, and Sarah Gensburger, 445–56. Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 2008.

Cała, Alina.
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. Warsaw: Nisza, 2012.

Campbell, David J., Jennifer M. Olson, and Len Berry. “Population Pressure, Agricultural Productivity, and Land Degradation in Rwanda: An Agenda for Collaborative Training, Research and Analysis,” Rwanda Society-Environment Project, Michigan State University, Working Paper 1, 1993.

Carynnyk, Marco. “The Palace on the Ikva: Dubne, September 18th, 1939, and June 24th, 1941.” In
Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-Occupied Poland, 1939–1941
, edited by Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, and Kai Struve, 263–301. Leipzig, Ger.: Leipzig Universitätsverlag, 2007.

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