By All Means Necessary (43 page)

Ministry of Metallurgical Industry
: Now defunct, China's Ministry of Metallurgical Industry once controlled several construction companies and scientific institutions, as well as the mining conglomerate now known as China Metallurgical Group Corporation (MCC).

Ministry of Water Resources (MWR)
: China's Ministry of Water Resources is one of several departments under the State Council of China responsible for the administration of China's water resources. The MWR's duties include the protection and allocation of water resources, drafting legislation to protect water sources, flood and drought control, water conservation, water infrastructures, irrigation, and the management of crimes and foreign affairs related to water issues.

National Defense Planning Commission
: See National Resources Commission.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)
: Named the State Development Planning Commission until 2003, the NDRC, also referred to as the State Development and Reform Commission, is a macroeconomic management agency under the direction of the State Council. Its main function is “to formulate and implement strategies of national economic and social development.”

National Environmental Protection Agency
: See Ministry of Environmental Protection.

National People's Congress (NPC)
: The NPC is China's primary legislative body and the highest organ of state power in China. It convenes annually, together with the People's Political Consultative Conference; its main functions include the “formulation of laws, [delegation of] authority, policy formulation, and supervision of other governing organs.”

National Resources Commission (NRC)
: Originally established in 1932 by the Nationalist government as the National Defense Planning Commission, the NRC's mission was to develop and manage all of China's basic industries, mines, and other enterprises. The NRC was abolished in 1952.

Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, or KMT)
: Founded by Sun Yat-sen, the Chinese Nationalist Party was the dominant governing party of China during the period 1928 to 1949. Led by Chiang Kai-shek, the KMT established the Republic of China on the island of Taiwan following the Chinese Civil War.

Norinco (China North Industries Corporation)
: A state-owned enterprise involved in defense technologies manufacturing as well as domestic construction projects.

Organization Department of the Communist Party of China
: Under the direction of the Communist Party's Central Committee, the Organization Department controls the personnel assignments for the Chinese Communist party.

PetroChina Company Limited
: PetroChina Company Limited is China's biggest oil producer, and its stock is traded in New York, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. It is the listed arm of the state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC).

People's Liberation Army (PLA)
: The PLA is the military arm of China's Communist Party and the armed forces of the People's Republic of China. The PLA operates under the command of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party and is the world's largest military force by number of personnel.

People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF)
: The aerial warfare branch of the People's Liberation Army, the PLAAF is under the command of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party.

People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN)
: The PLAN is the naval warfare branch of the People's Liberation Army. Like the PLAAF and PLA, it operates under the command of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party.

Shenhua Group Corporation
: The state-owned Shenhua Group Corporation is the largest coal-producing company in the world; one of its main subsidiaries, China Shenhua Energy Company, is listed on the Shanghai and Hong Kong stock exchanges.

Shougang Group
: State-owned Shougang Group (also called Shougang Company Limited) is one of China's largest steel companies. It has subsidiaries listed in the Shenzhen and Hong Kong stock exchanges.

Sinochem Corporation
: Sinochem Corporation is a Chinese holding group whose subsidiaries primarily engage in the production and trading of chemicals, exploration and production of oil, and operation of China's state fertilizer monopoly. In 2009, Sinochem Corporation was converted to a joint-stock company, while the holding group was renamed Sinochem Group.

Sinohydro Group
: Sinohydro is a Chinese state-owned hydropower engineering and construction company. Its main subsidiary, Sinohydro Group Limited, is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.

Sinosteel Corporation
: Sinosteel Corporation is a raw material processing company and China's second-largest importer of iron ore. Sinosteel is a state-owned enterprise with eighty-six subsidiaries.

Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
: The Standing Committee of the NPC is a committee of approximately 175 members of the NPC that has constitutional authority to modify legislation within limits set by the NPC.

State Council
: The State Council is China's chief administrative authority. It is chaired by the premier, currently Li Keqiang, and includes the heads of ministries and commissions. The State Council is responsible for carrying out the principles and policies of the Communist Party and implementing the regulations and laws adopted by the National People's Congress.

State Electric Power Corporation
: The State Electric Power Corporation is responsible for the management of China's grid and power plants. It is divided into five power generation companies and two distribution companies.

State Oceanic Administration
: The State Oceanic Administration is a Chinese administrative agency responsible for the supervision and management of sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China, safeguarding national maritime rights and interests, and organizing scientific and technical research in China's waters. It operates under the Ministry of Land and Resources.

State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC)
: SASAC, under the direction of the State Council, was established in 2003 and is either the owner or the controlling shareholder of China's 112 (as of December 2013) most powerful state-owned enterprises. SASAC has the power to appoint top executives, authorize mergers or sales, and draft laws related to SOEs.

Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Corporation (WISCO)
: The Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation, a state-owned enterprise, is one of China's largest steelmakers. Its subsidiary Wuhan Iron and Steel Company Limited is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange.

Yanzhou Coal Mining Company Limited
: Yanzhou Coal Mining's main operations include underground coal mining, preparation and processing, sales, and railway transportation of coal. It is a subsidiary of the Yankuang Group Corporation Limited and is listed on the New York, Hong Kong, and Shanghai stock exchanges.

Zhenhua Oil Company Limited
: Zhenhua Oil Company Limited is a state-owned oil firm that is a wholly owned subsidiary of China North Industry Corporation (NORINCO). Zhenhua is small compared to the three major Chinese oil companies.

Zhonghui Mining Group of China
: Zhonghui Mining Group is the largest privately owned Chinese company operating and investing in sub-Saharan Africa.

Zijin Mining Group Company Limited
: Zijin Mining Group Company Limited is a leading Chinese gold, copper, and nonferrous metals producer and refiner. It is a subsidiary of Zijin Mining Group and is listed on the Hong Kong and Shanghai stock exchanges.

Administrative Regulation on Contracting Foreign Projects (China),
105
–
106

Afghanistan,
76
–
77

Africa.
See also specific countries

Chinese agricultural aid to,
96
–
97

Chinese companies and investment in,
46
–
47
,
53
,
58
–
60
,
63
,
71
–
74
,
77
,
81
–
83
,
92
–
93
,
96
,
104
,
190

Chinese immigration to,
93
–
94
,
190

Chinese land acquisition in,
63
–
64
,
88
,
199

mining industry in,
36
,
61
,
73
–
74
,
81
–
83
,
85
,
92
,
104
,
190

Agreement on Water Quality in Transboundary Waters (China and Kazakhstan),
156

agricultural aid from China,
96
–
97

agriculture in China,
13
–
14
,
18
,
22
,
30
–
32
,
155
,
192

Alcoa,
123

Algeria,
168

Alliant Techsystems (ATK),
128

Alves, Ana,
96

Angola

Chinese companies and investment in,
53
,
58
,
60
,
93

Chinese land investment in,
64

oil production in,
58
,
60

revolutionary movement in,
19

Anshan Iron and Steel Group,
121

Aral Sea,
155

Argentina,
63
,
86
–
87

Armenia,
149

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations),
144

Athabasca Oil Sands Corporation,
126

Athens (ancient Greece),
2

Auezov, Murat,
156

Australia

British companies and investment in,
120

China's trade with,
118
–
119

Chinese companies and investment in,
61
–
62
,
75
,
116
,
118
–
127
,
136
–
137
,
199

Chinese land acquisition issues and,
63
–
64
,
86

Chinese trade agreements with,
122

coal production in,
118
–
120

corporate social responsibility and,
201

economic problems in,
119

energy companies based in,
118

Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act (FATA),
120

Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB),
120
–
121
,
125

Japan and,
4
–
5
,
118
–
120

minerals and metal ore production in,
4
–
5
,
61
–
62
,
118
–
120
,
122
,
167

mining industry in,
62
,
74
,
84
,
92
,
119
,
121
–
125

natural gas production in,
60
,
118
–
119
,
187

rare earth metals trade and,
75
,
122
,
136

sea lane security and,
168
–
169

Australian Securities Exchange,
121

Aynak copper mine (Afghanistan),
76
–
77

Azadegan oil field (Iran),
183

Azerbaijan,
149
,
243
n
51

Bab el-Mandeb,
168
,
172

Banda, Rupiah,
81

Bangladesh,
65
,
160
,
162
,
174

banking system in China,
103
,
105
–
106

Baosteel,
37
–
38

Basamuk Bay (Papua New Guinea),
84

Battsengel, Gotov,
68

bauxite,
28
–
29
,
40
,
62
,
94
,
118
,
123
,
186

bcMetals,
127

Beidahuang Group,
63
,
87

Beijing New Century Academy on Transnational Corporations,
105

Belarus,
128
,
182

Belinga Mine (Gabon),
73
–
74
,
89
,
104

BHP Billington,
37
,
74
,
123
–
124
,
128
–
129

Bird, Jeremy,
159

Blank, Stephen,
150
,
155

Boao Forum,
52

Bongo, Omar,
73
–
74

The Bottom Billion
(Collier),
71

Boxer Uprising,
15

BP,
60
,
108

Brahmaputra River,
65
,
160
–
162

Brautigam, Deborah,
71
,
95

Brazil

Chinese companies and investment in,
63
–
64
,
77
–
78

Chinese land acquisition issues and,
86
–
87

Japanese presence in,
4

minerals and metal ore production in,
4

natural resource demand in,
24

transparency in,
77
–
78