Catherine the Great (72 page)

M

Macartney, Sir George 143, 145–6, 153, 184, 187

Madariaga, Isabel de 264, 301

Madrid, Court of 261

Maggiotto, Domenico:
Urania teaching a youth
241

Maikov, Vasily 140, 169

Maintenon, Madame de 31

Makaryev monastery 161

Makhaev, Mikhailo 44

Makulov, Prince 213

Manfredini, Vincenzo
Apollo and Minerva
147

Carlo Magno
[
Charlemagne
] 146

Mann, Sir Horace 91

Manstein (Austrian ambassador) 71, 72

Manteufel, Count 30

Marble Palace 179, 216, 313

Mardefeld, Baron 52

Maria Fëdorovna, Grand Duchess

(Princess Sophia Dorothea of Wurttemberg) 268, 281

health 220

becomes Paul’s dutiful second consort 244–5

on Paul’s Grand Tour 254

birthday 295

births 313

and C’s lying-in-state 318

Maria Josepha of Bavaria, Consort of Joseph II 169

Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria 18, 99, 191, 207, 219, 253

Maria Theresa, Infanta 57

Markov, Alexander 191

Marmontel, Jean-François:
Bélisaire
162–3

Mary, Blessed Virgin, the female Russian monarchs associated with 17

Marian imagery prominent in Moscow 17

Mass, Michelangelo 81

Masson, Charles:
Secret Memoirs of Russia
314

Matveyev, Artamon 13

Maundy Thursday 100, 149, 160

Maupeou, Chancellor 226

Medal Committees 210

Melissino, Colonel 128, 295

Memel, East Prussia 105

Menelaws, Adam 274

Mengs, Anton Raphael:
Perseus and Andromeda
261, 262

Menshikov, Alexander 83, 84

Menshikov Palace, Lefortovo 46, 213, 214

Messenger of Europe
(journal) 323

Mikeshin, M.O. 330

Mikhail Fëdorovich, Tsar of Russia 62, 137, 164

Mikhailovsky Palace, St Petersburg 57, 320

Mikhelson, General 235, 236

Minetti, Francesco 33

Mirabeau, Honoré Riqueti, comte de 310

Miranda, Francisco de 284

Mirovich, guardsman 155 ‘Mirror of the Police, The’ 255

Misere (a Piedmontese) 111

Mislavsky, Samuil 213

Mogilëv, Belorussia 250–53, 264, 333

Moldavia 203, 229, 235

Molière 200

Georges Dandin
203, 255

monarchy

intensely personal in Russia 20

exercise of power in early-modern Europe 31–2, 75–9

cultural rivalry between monarchs 32

French kings’ daily life 33

Austrian emperors’ comparative seclusion 33

in C’s Instruction 172

pure monarchy 277

Monastery of Miracles, Moscow 170–71

Monastery of the Caves, Kiev 54, 284–5

monastic lands 52, 131, 153–4

Monomakh, Vladimir 18

Monplaisir, Peterhof 69, 83, 113, 140, 197–8

Monsieur Tom (a favourite greyhound) 266

Montaigne, Michel 68

Montenegro 196

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de 93, 172, 182, 198, 277, 283, 325

On the Causes of the Grandeur and Decline of the Roman Republic
67

On the Spirit of the Laws
67, 101, 157, 225–6

Montgolfier balloon (Joseph-Michael and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier) 268

Mordvins 168

Morkov, Arkady 308, 315

Moscow

described 6–7

C’s triumphal entry into (1762) 6, 7, 11

C’s dislike for 11, 159

Marian imagery in 17

Plague of 1771 206, 215

C’s 1775 visit 237–8

C’s 1785 visit 272–6, 281

fall of (1812) 326

Moscow Armoury 150

Moscow Foundling Home 129–30, 140, 155, 208, 212, 281

Moscow River 212

Moscow Telegraph
327

Moscow University 7, 160, 232

Mounsey, Dr James 113

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 234, 254

Mstislav Vladimirovich 282

Mstislavl 282

Munich: Elector of Bavaria’s palace 76

Münnich, Field Marshal 123

Muravëv-Apostol, Ivan 326

Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban 304

Rest on the Flight to Egypt
194

Musorgsky, Modest 161

Myatleva, Praskovia (née Saltykova) 322

Mytishchi 273

N

Naples 6, 196, 254

Napoleon Bonaparte 326

Narva 40

Naryshkin, Alexander 127, 245, 321

Naryshkin, Dimitry 211

Naryshkin, Lev 14, 127, 142, 179, 193, 197, 210, 215, 221, 225, 245, 268, 272, 279, 280, 287, 314

C on 143–4

Naryshkin, Peter 14

Naryshkin, Semën

guides C into the Russian empire 39, 40

a future Marshal of Elizabeth’s Court 39

C’s wedding 59

Temple of Diana at Tsarskoye Selo 205

Naryshkin family 14

Naryshkina, Anna 291

Naryshkina, Katerina 210

Naryshkina, Natalia 210

Naryshkina, Yelena 18–19, 118

Nassau, Princess of 220

Natalia Alekseyevna, Grand Duchess (previously Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt) 220, 221–2, 233, 236, 238–9, 244, 245

Nechaev, Innokenty, bishop of Pskov 222, 292

Necker, Jacques:
Compte rendu
277

Necker, Suzanne 225

Neëlov, Vasily 210

Nelidinsky, M. 260

Neplyuev, Ivan 7

Nerchinsk 217

Neva River 62, 205, 225, 244, 257–8, 275, 282–3, 305

Nevsky, St Alexander 58, 149, 165, 216, 246, 247, 294

New Chrysomander
(Masonic text) 277 ‘New Jerusalem’ Ascension monastery 79

New Maiden Convent, Kiev 284

New Russia 154, 284, 307

New Style (Gregorian) calendar viii Newberry, Thomas 148

Nicholas, St 152

Nicholas I, Tsar 262, 313, 326–8, 329

Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia 8

Nikolay Mikhailovich, Grand Duke 331

Nikolsky Gate, Moscow 7

Nikon, Patriarch 79, 165

Nizhny Novgorod 159, 165, 166, 167, 197, 312

nobility

compulsory state service 118

emancipated from state service 118–19, 121, 133, 271

C’s Charter to the Nobility (1785) 119, 271, 320

flight to their estates during Plague of 1771 206

Poland’s ‘republic of nobles’ 301

Nollekens, Joseph 298

Northern System 187, 188, 196, 250, 253

Novgorod 166, 246, 273, 275

archbishop of 60

Novikov, Nikolay 199, 200, 210, 276, 277, 292, 308

Novodevichy convent, Moscow 51

Nyslott fort 290

O

Ochakov 289, 298, 302 1791

crisis 299

Oder River 24

Oka River 159

Old Believers 165, 166, 167, 228, 273

Old Style (Julian) calendar viii Olsufyev, Adam 130–31, 132, 167

Oranienbaum 45, 83–4, 85, 94, 95, 96, 103, 104, 110–11, 112, 122, 123, 124, 127, 145, 179, 210, 216, 296

Damask Room 241

Grüne Salle (Green Room) 111

Order of St Alexander Nevsky 113, 221, 233, 246, 286

Order of St Andrew the First Called 18, 177, 220, 295

Order of St Catherine 16, 118

Order of St George 232, 295

Order of the Knights of Malta 196

Order of the Polish Eagle 57

Orël 288

Orenburg province 66, 228, 230

Orlov, Count Aleksey 20, 122–5, 126, 176, 177, 202, 203, 206, 216–17, 231–2, 311, 315, 319

Orlov, Elizabeth (née Zinovyev) 242

Orlov, Count Fëdor 20, 202, 268

Orlov, Count Grigory 141, 185, 197, 203, 230, 231, 233, 331

relationship with C 6, 13, 112–13, 122, 126, 132–3, 145, 156

reputation for valour 112

a keen amateur astronomer 39, 113, 145

military connections 113

C has an illegitimate son by him (1762) 6, 120

conspiracy to overthrow Peter III 11, 122, 123

Macartney on 145–6

name day 146, 177

the Volga journey 161

public reading of C’s Instruction 171

a noble deputy for St Petersburg 182

smallpox inoculation 189, 190

the Small Hermitage 192

and Moscow plague 208

peace talks at Fokshany 210, 215, 216, 217

C’s urban reconstruction 211

C’s split with him (1772) 20, 215, 216, 218, 233

and Paul’s future wife 220, 221

C praises 238

personality 241, 265

health 242

marries his cousin 242

and Paul’s marriage to Maria Fëdorovna 245

insanity 266

Orlov, Count Ivan 20, 169, 216

Orlov, Count Vladimir 20, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 197, 223

Orlov family 16, 113, 123, 125, 126, 133, 140, 145, 156, 168, 215, 216–17, 219, 231

Osterman, Count 268, 302, 311

Ostrovki estate 275

Ottoman Empire 183, 187, 196, 207, 298

Our Lady of Vladimir icon 17

Ovid:
Metamorphoses
199

Ozerki estate 249

P

Pahlen, General Count Peter von der 321

Painter, The
(journal) 199

Paisiello, Giovanni 250

I filosofi immaginari
255–6

Pakhrino 170

Palace of Facets, Moscow 4, 8, 16, 20, 21, 52, 164, 171

Pallas, Peter Simon 275, 333

Pamfilov, Father Ioann 277

Panin, Count Nikita 59, 138, 141, 145, 146, 152, 161, 168, 169, 180, 197

a protégé of Bestuzhev 113

ambassador to Sweden 113, 121

Paul’s tutor 12, 113

a confirmed constitutionalist 121, 125

and C’s coup 121–2, 123, 125

imperial council suggestion 133

negotiates an alliance with the Danes 139

affair with Countess Stroganova 143, 177

and C’s radical proposals 172

engagement to Countess Anna Sheremeteva 177, 178

author of submission by Moscow nobility 182

in charge of Russian foreign policy 185

Northern System 187, 196, 250, 253

loss of authority 188

rivalry with the Orlovs 215

reputation for sloth 218

and Saldern 219, 230

and Paul’s potential bride 220, 221

and Vasilchikov 232

and Potëmkin 236, 238

dismissal 253, 254, 255, 266

death 266

Panin, General Peter 169, 197, 236

Paoli, General Pasquale 196

Pargolovo estate 113

Paris 250, 254, 261, 291, 308, 326

Parkinson, John 299, 307, 314, 317, 321

‘Note on Lanskoy’ 267

Pashkevich, Vasily:
Fevei
279

Passek, Peter 123, 124, 125, 140, 141, 319

Paton, Richard 334

Patriot Party 301

patronage 14, 121, 261, 310, 331, 334

Paul I, Tsar of Russia 143, 161, 268, 294

birth 91–2

early upbringing 92, 105

question of his paternity 92, 331

appearance 92, 111

health 11, 108, 126, 208, 218

C expected to rule as regent for him 12

debut on the dance floor 111–12

education 12, 113, 152, 197

and C’s coup 123

and C’s coronation 15, 20

visits the reconstructed Winter Palace 136, 137

lifelong delight in French comedies 146

birthday 148, 219, 222

name day 169–70, 268

and the Cathedral of St Isaac 180

smallpox inoculation 190

popularity in Moscow 215

plot to enthrone him 217

resentment of C’s treatment of Peter III 218

improved relations with C 218–19

Saldern’s plan 219

the search for a bride 219–20

marriage to Natalia Alekseyevna 221–2, 233

death of Natalia 244, 245

marriage to Maria Fëdorovna 245–6

Grand Tour 253

in Vienna 254

inadvertently snubs Clérisseau 261

and Freemasonry 276, 308

consequences of Russia joining the anti-French coalition 302

waits impatiently in the wings 306

deeply in debt 308

death of C 315

military ethos 316, 320

the succession 316–17

alienates the elite 320

assassinated 321, 323

Pauzié, Gérémie 19, 111, 116

Pavlovna, Grand Duchess Anna 313

Pavlovna, Grand Duchess Maria (Princess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin) 332

Pavlovna, Grand Duchess Olga 313

Pavlovna, Grand Duchess Yelena 313, 328

Pavlovsk Palace 259–60

Pella Palace 275

Penza 236

Perekusikhina, Maria 268, 274, 322, 327

Pereyaslavl 151

Peter I the Great, Tsar of Russia 13, 35, 40, 62, 83, 93, 115, 139, 184, 234, 255, 314, 322, 330, 335