Authors: Robin Jeffrey
10.
Russell Southwood,
Less Walk, More Talk: How Celtel and the Mobile Phone Changed Africa
(Chichester: Wiley for Celtel, 2008), p. xv. This commissioned history of the company is well-written and researched.
11.
Ibid., pp. 203–04.
12.
Economic Times
, 4 November 2011,
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow
/10591762.cms?prtpage=1
(accessed on 4 November 2011).
International Herald Tribune
, 10 May 2011, p. 15.
Economist
, 4 February 2012, pp. 52–3.
Observer
, 1 February 2009,
www.guardian.com.uk/lifestyle/2009/feb/01/mo-ibrahim/print
(accessed 1 March 2012).
13.
People’s Daily Online
, 26 April 2011,
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/
90882/7361295.html
(accessed 26 April 2011).
14.
Tamar Ashuri,
From the Telegraph to the Computer: A History of Electronic Media
(Tel-Aviv: Resling Publishing, 2011, in Hebrew), pp. 30–31. See also David Edgerton,
The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History since 1900
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006); Carolyn Marvin,
When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking about Electronic Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); Chandrika Kaul,
Reporting the Raj
(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004); and Deep Kanta Lahiri Choudhury,
Telegraphic Imperialism
(Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
15.
Sukh Ram, 1993–6 (convicted and imprisoned); Beni Prasad Verma, 1996– 8; Buta Singh, 1998; Sushma Swaraj, 1998; Jagmohan, 1998–9 (removed); Ram Vilas Paswan, 1999–2001 (Minister of State); Pramod Mahajan, 2001– 03 (murdered); Arun Shourie, 2003; Dayanidhi Maran, 2004–07; A. Raja, 2007–10 (charged).
16.
John Powell,
The Survival of the Fitter: Lives of Some African Engineers
(Rugby: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1995), pp. 114–15.
17.
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India [TRAI],
Annual Report, 2010–11
(New Delhi: TRAI, 2011), p. 4.
18.
‘Wala’ denotes someone engaged in the business of ‘x’ or in this case, repairing things.
19.
Leopoldina Fortunati, Anna Maria Manganelli, Pui-lam Law and Shanhua Yang, ‘Beijing Calling … Mobile Communication in Contemporary China’,
Knowledge, Technology and Policy
, vol. 21, no. 1 (2008), p. 26.
20.
Census of India 2011. Houses. Household Amenities and Assets. Latrine Facility
,
http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/Data%20sheet/Latrine.pdf
(accessed 16 April 2012). For HP,
Times of India
, 2 April 2012,
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/12499306.cms
(accessed 3 April 2012). A UN report in 2010 first highlighted the contrast between phone and toilet ownership. ‘Mobile Phones More Common than Toilets in India, UN Report Finds’, 14 April 2010,
http://www.un.org/apps/news/printnewsAr.asp?nid=34369
(acces sed 16 April 2012).
21.
C. K. Prahalad,
The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits
(Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2005), p. 24.
22.
Jeffrey is happy to present his Australian phone bills in evidence.
23.
Madhu Trehan,
Tehelka as Metaphor
(New Delhi: Roli, 2009). ‘Tehelka report was not entirely false: Arun Jaitley’,
Times of India
, 1 February 2009,
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009–02–01/india/28047183_1_jayajaitley-bangaru-laxman-george-fernandes
(accessed 6 December 2011).
24.
The full Idea ad, called ‘Fearless Life’, was on the Idea website in April 2012. A shorter version was on Youtube.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fO-SMCnbic
(accessed 19 June 2012).
25.
Shirin Madon,
e-Governance for Development: a Focus on Rural India
(Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 94,
26.
Clay Shirky,
Here Comes Everybody: How Change Happens When People Come Together
(London: Penguin, 2008), pp. 143–56.
27.
Manuel Castells,
The Rise of the Network Society
, 2nd edition (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010; first published 1996), p. xviii.
28.
Ibid., p. 500. We discussed some of these issues in a different context in Robin Jeffrey and Assa Doron, ‘The Mobile Phone in India and Nepal: Political Economy, Politics and Society’,
Pacific Affairs
, vol. 85, no. 3 (September 2012), pp. 469–82.
29.
Heather Horst and Daniel Miller,
The Cell Phone: an Anthropology of Communication
(Oxford: Berg, 2006). Rich Ling,
The Mobile Connection: the Cell Phone’s Impact on Society
(San Francisco: Elsevier, 2004). James E. Katz (ed.),
Handbook of Mobile Communication Studies
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008).
30.
James E. Katz and Mark Aakus (eds),
Perpetual Contact
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
31.
See, for example, Stephanie, H. Donald, Theresa D. Anderson and Damien Spry (eds.)
Youth, Society and Mobile Media in Asia
(London: Routledge, 2010).
32.
Claude S. Fisher,
America Calling: a Social History of the Telephone
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994), p. 85.
33.
Sadie Plant, ‘On the Mobile: the effects of mobile telephones on social and individual life’,
http://classes.dma.ucla.edu/Winter03/104/docs/splant.pdf
(accessed 10 July 2012).
34.
Mizuko Ito, Daisuke Okabe and Misa Matsuda (eds),
Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005). The 15 essays focus particularly on young people’s use of mobiles in Japan. Chapters 2, 4, 5 and 14 deal explicitly with young people.
35.
Inge Brinkman, Mirjam de Bruijn and Hisham Bilal, ‘The Mobile Phone, “Modernity” and Change in Khartoum, Sudan’, in Mirjam de Bruijn, Francis Nyamnjob and Inge Brinkman (eds),
Mobile Phones: the New Talking Drums of Everyday Africa
(Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2009), p. 81. Heather A. Horst and Daniel Miller,
The Cell Phone: an Anthropology of Communication
(Oxford: Berg, 2006), p. 57.
36.
Francis B. Nyamnjoh, ‘Married But
Available’, excerpt in de Bruijn, Nyamnjob and Brinkman (eds),
Mobile Phones
, p. 3.
37.
Daniel Miller and Don Slater, ‘Comparative Ethnography of New Media’, in James Curran and Michael Gurevitch (eds),
Mass Media and Society
, 4th edition (London: Hodder Arnold, 2005), p. 309.
38.
Brinkman
et al
., ‘The Mobile Phone’, p. 88. This approach is designed to counter ‘techonological determinism’: a view that technological change regulates and drives both individual activities and wider cultural and economic structures.
39.
Johan Fischer,
Shopping among the Malays in Modern Malaysia
(Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2008), pp. 29–32, 106.
40.
http://www.ameinfo.com/43982.html
(accessed 22 March 2012)
41.
Speech-coding technology allows operators to carry more traffic by reducing the richness of the signals. This may reduce the quality of voice transmission but allows networks to handle many more SMS messages.
42.
Omri Shamir and Guy Ben-Porat, ‘Boycotting for Sabbath: Religious Consumerism as a Political Strategy’,
Contemporary Politics
, vol. 13, no. 1 (2007), pp. 75–92.
43.
Steven Erlanger, ‘A Modern Marketplace for Israel’s Ultra-Orthodox’,
New York Times
, 2 November 2007,
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/02/world/
middleeast/02orthodox.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin
(accessed 14 April 2012).
44.
Mukesh K. Singh and Vasim Ansari, ‘dharm ka granth’ (the book of dharma).
My Mobile Magazine
(in Hindi), (September, 2011), pp. 15–17. See also Phyllis Herman, ‘Seeing the Divine through Windows: Online Darshan and Virtual Religious Experience’,
Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet
, vol. 4, no. 1 (2010), pp. 151–178.
45.
Dennis McGilvray, email to A. Doron, 8 June 2012.
46.
Bart Barendregt, ‘Mobile Religiosity in Indonesia: Mobilized Islam, Islamized Mobility and the Potential of Islamic Techno Nationalism’, in Erwin Alampey (ed.),
Living the Information Society in Asia
(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009), p. 80.
47.
For successful efforts by the Indonesian government to ban access to pornography via BlackBerry services, see
http://www.thestar.com/business/companies/rim/article/919345-rim-to-censor-web-porn-on-blackberrysin-indonesia
(accessed 22 March 2012).
48.
Jia Lu and Ian Weber, ‘State, Power and Mobile Communication: A Case Study of China’,
New Media Society
, vol. 9, no. 6 (2007), p. 936.
49.
Jack Linchuan
Qiu,
Working-Class Network Society: Communication Technology and the Information Have-Less in Urban China
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009), p. 188.
50.
Lu and Weber, ‘State, Power and Mobile Communication’, p. 937.
51.
See, for example, Hiyam Omari-Hijazi and Rivka Ribak, ‘Playing with Fire: On the domestication of the mobile phone among Palestinian teenage girls in Israel’,
Information, Communication & Society
, vol. 11, no. 2 (2008), pp. 149– 166. Eija-Liisa Kasesniemi and Pirjo Rautianinen, ‘Mobile Culture of Children and Teenagers in Finland’, in Katz and Aakhus (eds),
Perpetual Contact
, pp. 170–92.
52.
Marvin,
When Old Technologies Were New
, p. 70.
53.
Charles Thompson, Manager, Customer Relations, EKO, New Delhi, email to R. Jeffrey, 6 July 2012.
1. CONTROLLING COMMUNICATION
1.
Marc Bloch,
Feudal Society
, vol. 1,
The Growth of Ties of Dependence
(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961), p. 64 and the preceding discussion and pp. 93–4.
2.
Annemarie Schimmel,
The Empire of the Great Mughals
(London: Reaktion Books, 2004), p. 33.
3.
Michael H. Fisher, ‘The Office of Akhbar Nawis: the Transition from Mughal to British Forms’,
Modern Asian Studies
, vol. 27, no. 1(February 1993), p. 50.
4.
Niccolao Manucci,
Mogul India, 1653–1708
, vol. 2, trans. William Irvine (London: John Murray, 1907), pp. 331–2.
5.
Fisher, ‘Office of Akhbar Nawis’, p. 54.
6.
Schimmel,
Empire of the Great Mughals
, p. 101.
7.
Vishnu Bhatt and Godshe Versaikar,
1857. The Real Story of the Great Uprising
, trans. Mrinal Pande (New Delhi: Harper Perennial, 2011; first publish 1908), p. 11.
8.
R. K. Narayan,
The Grandmother’s Tale
(London: Heinemann, 1993), p. 24 and thereafter. Velcheru Narayana Rao and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, ‘Circulation, Piety and Innovation: Recounting Travels in Early Nineteenth-Century South India’,
Society and Circulation
(New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2003), pp. 309–10, discuss a documented tale similar to the one in Narayan’s novel.
9.
Narayan,
Grandmother’s
, pp. 42–3.
10.
Ibid., p. 22.
11.
Quoted in Fisher, ‘Office of Akhbar Nawis’, p. 74.
12.
Fisher, ‘Office of Akhbar Nawis’, p. 57. For an excellent account of intelligence and spying throughout history, Rahul Sagar, ‘The Institutionalization and Centralization of Secret Intelligence’, unpublished manuscript.