Authors: Robin Jeffrey
13.
Claude Markovits, ‘Merchant Circulation in South Asia’, in Claude Markovits, Jacques Pouchepadass and Sanjay Subrahmanyam (eds),
Society and Circulation
(London: Anthem Press, 2006), p. 156.
14.
Jean Deloche,
Transport and Communications in India Prior to Steam Locomotion
, vol. 1,
Land Transport
, trans. James Walker (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 217.
15.
Barbara Daly Metcalf,
Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. 62.
16.
Bloch,
Feudal Society
, vol. 1, p. 62.
17.
Patrick Olivelle (ed. and trans.),
Dharmasutra. The Law Codes of Ancient India
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 12.1, p. 98.
18.
Sudha Pai,
Dalit Assertion and the Unfinished Democratic Revolution
(New Delhi: Sage, 2002), p. 37.
19.
Travancore Government Gazette
, vol. 32, no. 45 (6 November 1895), advertisement seeking a replacement priest.
20.
Eric J. Miller, ‘Caste and Territory in Malabar’,
American Anthropologist
, vol. 56, no. 3 (June 1954), p. 419.
21.
Deloche,
Transport and Communications
, vol. 1, p. 220.
22.
Miller, ‘Caste and Territory’, p. 415. William Logan,
Malabar
, vol. 1 (Madras: Government Press, 1887; reprint 1951), p. 129.
23.
Wired
, 1 December 2008,
http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2008/12/the-gagdets-of/
(accessed 18 January 2012).
24.
Quoted in Fisher, ‘Office of Akhbar Nawis’, p. 64.
25.
Bernard S. Cohn, ‘The Command of Language and the Language of Command’, in Bernard S. Cohn,
Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 16.
26.
B. S. Kesavan,
History of Printing and Publishing in India
, vol. 1,
South Indian Origins of Printing and Its Efflorescence in Bengal
(New Delhi: National Book Trust of India, 1985), p. 209.
27.
Ernest Sackville Turner,
The Shocking History of Advertising
(New York: Ballantine Books, 1953), p. 17.
28.
John Lang,
Legends of India. Tales of Life in Hindostan
, ed. by Victor Crittenden (Canberra: Mulini Press, 2008), p. 58. At the end of the nineteenth century, one pound sterling was equivalent to about 15 rupees.
29.
Lang,
Legends
, pp. 62–3.
30.
Deep Kanta Lahiri Choudhury,
Telegraphic Imperialism
(Houndmills: Pal-grave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 139–43, has an account of the Vernacular Press Act, though it has the wrong Viceroy assassinated. It was Mayo, not Minto.
31.
Lahiri Choudhury,
Telegraphic Imperialism
, pp. 21–22, 40
32.
C. A. Bayly,
Empire and Information
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 317.
33.
The remark is often repeated; the original source is unclear. John H. Lien-hard, ‘Indian Telegraph’, offers a concise account,
http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1380.htm
(downloaded 14 October 2010).
34.
Bhatt and Versaikar,
1857
, p. 29.
35.
Horst and
Miller,
The Cell Phone
, p. 105.
36.
Herbert N. Casson,
The History of the Telephone
(New York: Cosimo Classics, 2006; first published 1910), p. 23.
37.
Travancore Administration Report, 1878–9
(Trivandrum: Government Press, 1879), p. 78.
38.
Forty Years of Telecommunications in Independent India
(New Delhi: Department of Telecommunications, n.d. [1987]), p. v.
39.
Forty Years
, p. 245.
40.
M. K. Gandhi to Munnalal G. Shah, 20 December 1941, No. 646,
Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi
, vol. 81, p. 388.
41.
M. K. Gandhi,
Hind Swaraj
(many editions since 1915), p. 96.
42.
Gandhi to Shah, 20 December 1941, in
CWMG
, vol. 81, p. 388.
43.
Forty Years
, p. 2.
44.
Times of India
, 13 November 1955. The Communications Minister was the legendary Jagjivan Ram (1908–86).
45.
Economic Weekly
, 14 May 1960, p. 727.
46.
Economic and Political Weekly
(hereafter
EPW
), 20 June 1970, p. 961.
47.
EPW
, 21 November 1987, p. 1987.
48.
Statistical Outline of India, 2000–01
(Mumbai: Tata Services, 2000), p. 78.
49.
India: a Reference Annual, 1964
(New Delhi: Publications Division, 1964), pp. 329, 307, 332.
50.
India 1964
, pp. 121, 125.
51.
Nalin Mehta,
India on Television
(New Delhi: HarperCollins, 2008), pp. 27–40.
52.
Peter Manuel’s wonderful book,
Cassette Culture
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993) and the use made of cassettes by the
gurbani
reciting preacher-politician Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Robin Jeffrey,
What’s Happening to India?
(London: Macmillan, 1986), p. 92.
53.
India. A Reference Annual 1953
(New Delhi: Publications Division, 1953), p. 332.
54.
The trailer was at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WlA665YP_Ww
on 19 March 2012.
55.
Department of Posts,
Annual Report
(New Delhi: Department of Posts, India, for relevant years).
56.
Ibid., p. Ad[vertisement] 19.
57.
For a description of the caste and gender anxieties provoked by the arrival of the railways to India, see Tanika Sarkar
, Hindu Wife, Hindu Nation: Community, Religions, and Cultural Nationalism
(London: C. Hurst, 2001), pp. 81–2.
58.
Olivelle (ed. and trans.),
Dharmasutra
, 12.1, p. 98.
59.
Robin Jeffrey, ‘The Mahatma Didn’t Like the Movies and Why it Matters: Indian Broadcasting Policy, 1920s–1990’, in Robin Jeffrey,
Media and Modernity
(New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2010), pp. 241–2.
60.
First Five-Year Plan
, Chapter 31, section 7,
http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/
planrel/fiveyr/welcome.html
(downloaded 13 October 2010).
61.
Second Five-Year Plan
, Chapter 22, para 12,
http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/
fiveyr/welcome.html
(downloaded 13 October 2010).
62.
Ashok V. Desai,
India’s Telecommunications Industry
(New Delhi: Sage, 2006), p. 41.
63.
Heather Horst and Daniel Miller, ‘From Kinship to Link-up: Cell Phones and Social Networking in Jamaica’,
Current Anthropology
, vol. 46, no. 5 ( December 2005), p. 762.
64.
Mira Kamdar,
Planet India
(New York: Scribner, 2007), p. 106.
65.
Quoted in Rafiq Dossani,
India Arriving
(New York: American Management Association, 2008), p. 49.
66.
Varadharajan Sridhar,
The Telecom Revolution in India: Technology, Regulation and Policy
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 22.
67.
Population estimated on 2 per cent annual increase from the 1981 census population of 683 million people. Phone numbers from
Forty Years
, p. 89.
68.
T. Hanuman Chowdhary, ‘Rajiv Gandhi—Promoter of I.T. and Public Sector Efficiency’,
http://www.drthchowdhary.net
(downloaded 22 October 2010). Chowdhary was the first managing director of VSNL.
69.
S. D. Saxena,
Connecting India: Indian Telecom Story
(New Delhi: Konark, 2009), p. 46.
70.
Dilip Subramanian,
Telecommunications Industry in India
(New Delhi: Social Science Press, 2010), p. 41.
71.
Desai,
India’s Telecommunications Industry
, p. 43.
72.
Saxena,
Connecting India
, p. 58.
73.
Sam Pitroda, ‘Development, Democracy and the Village Telephone’,
Harvard Business Review
, vol. 71, no. 6, November-December 1993, pp. 66–79.
http://groups.google.com/group/soc.culture.indian/
browse_thread/thread/c0e823d72686cd64/6bb8fa00c1d2790f
(downloaded 22 October 2010).
74.
Paula Chakravartty, ‘Telecom, National Development and the Indian State: a Postcolonial Critique’,
Media, Culture and Society
, vol. 26, no. 2 (2004), pp. 241–3. Saxena,
Connecting India
, p. 66.
75.
Subramanian,
Telecommunications Industry in India
, pp. 113–15.
76.
Pitroda, ‘Development’, (downloaded 22 October 2010).
77.
Desai,
India’s Telecommunications Industry
, p. 42.
78.
Agar,
Constant Touch
, pp. 29–102.
79.
EPW
, 20 June 1970, p. 961.
80.
‘National Telecom Policy 1994’,
http://www.trai.gov.in/Content/telecom_policy_1994.aspx
(accessed 6 August 2012). ‘The defence and security interests of the country will be protected’.
81.
Ibid.
82.
Ibid.
83.
Agar,
Constant Touch
, p. 40.
84.
Manucci,
Mogul India
, p. 421.
85.
Vinod Mehta,
Lucknow Boy
(New Delhi: Penguin/Viking, 2011), p. 259.
86.
The Duke of Cumberland led the English armies that suppressed the Scottish Highlands after the failed revolt of 1745–6.
2. CELLING INDIA
1.
Barbara Crossette in
New York Times
, 22 May 1991,
http://articles.orland-osentinel.com/1991–05–22/news/9105220915_1_gandhi-rajiv-chandrashek-har
(accessed 16 December 2010).
2.
Christopher Kremmer, email to R. Jeffrey, 16 December 2010. Kremmer was the Australian Broadcasting Corporation correspondent in India in 1991.
3.
Forty Years of Telecommunications in Independent India
(New Delhi: Department of Telecommunications, n.d. [1988]), p. 40.
4.
Desai,
India’s Telecommunications Industry
, p. 19.
5.
TRAI Annual Report, 2008–09
, p. 40 and subsequent
TRAI ARs
.
6.
Muthuswamy and Brinda (eds) [no initials],
Swamy’s Treatise on Telephone Rules with Act
[sic]
, Rules, Orders, Digest, Guidelines and Case-Law
(Madras: Swamy Publishers, 1993; first published 1989), pp. 10–11. The new era of mobile-phone private enterprise generated a 730-pager—Pavan Duggal,
Mobile Law
(New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd, 2011).