Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt (43 page)

I
would like to express my gratitude to John Ray, who patiently read through the first draft of
Cleopatra
and offered helpful advice. Any mistakes are, of course, my own. I would also like to thank Judith Corbelli and Steven Snape for their encouragement, advice and enthusiasm. At Profile, Peter Carson believed in this book, and Bohdan Buciak, Penny Daniel, Anna-Marie Fitzgerald, Lesley Levene and Nicola Taplin helped it to become a reality. In 2006 the Society of Authors generously awarded me a grant from the Author’s Foundation, which allowed me to travel to Egypt in search of Cleopatra. I will always be grateful for their support.

My father, William Randolph Tyldesley, always wanted me to write about Cleopatra; sadly he died when this book was nearing completion. I wish that he could have read it.

Index

A

Abusir el-Melek cemetery, Faiyum
161

Achaea
144

Achelos, General
36

Achillas
46
,
50
,
51
,
52
,
53

Acoreus, Priest of Isis
100

Acropolis, Athens
174

Actium
174
,
176

battle of
176–82
,
197
,
200
,
205
,
208
,
242
n
7
,
255
n
9

Adea (wife of Philip III Arrhidaeos)
220

Adlington, William
125

Adonia celebration
85

Adonis
85

Aegae (Vergina)
73

Aeneas
106
,
206–8

Aesopus
153

Africa (modern Tunisia)
144
,
200

Afrocentrism
29

Agathoclea (Ptolemy II’s mistress)
85
,
226
,
227

Agathocles (brother of Agathoclea)
227

Agathocles (husband of Lysandra)
224–5

Agathoi Daemones (‘The Good Spirits’)
194

Agesilaus, King of Sparta
209

Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius
176
,
177
,
179
,
181

Ahenobarbus, Gnaeus Domitius
173
,
177

Ahhotep (queen consort)
241
n
2

Ahmose II
18

Ahmose-Nefertari (queen consort)
241
n
2

Akhenaten
71

Akhetaten (Amarna)
71

Akhmim
244
n
21

Al-Masudi
212

Alcestis
189

Alexander
(film)
216

Alexander Helios (Cleopatra VII’s twin son)
33
,
157
,
159
,
162–3
,
168
,
169
,
199
,
238

Alexander I (
c.
495–450)
30

Alexander III the Great, King of Egypt (332–323)
30
,
106
,
121
,
131
,
145
,
163
,
209
,
242
n
7
,
248
n
8
,
257
n
6

reveres Dionysos
12

marches to confront Darius III
219

defeats Darius at Issus (333)
221

Egypt surrenders to him (332/1)
2
,
71
,
219
,
221

Egyptian coronation
133

semi-divinity
132–3

ambitious plans for Egypt
219

founds Alexandria
18
,
71–3

at the Siwa Oasis
133
,
221

visits the Zeus-Ammon oracle
133
,
195

death (323)
73
,
219–20
,
221

purported to have been embalmed
195

kidnapping and display of his body
73–4
,
221

fragmented empire
222

end of his dynastic line
222

Caesar visits his tomb
52
,
74

Alexander IV, King of Egypt (316–304)
221

posthumous son of Alexander the Great
220

murdered (310)
75
,
220

possible remains of
220–21

Alexander Romance, The
(Pseudo-Callisthenes)
73
,
132
,
194

Alexandra (Herod’s mother-in-law)
167

Alexandria

founded
18
,
71–3

development of
77

kidnapping and display of Alexander’s body in (323)
221

coronation of Ptolemy I Soter I (304)
75
,
221

location
75–6
,
78

its people
14
,
76
,
78

Jewish population
77
,
79
,
88
,
97
,
141

temple and cult to Homer
226

rival court of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II
229

Romans prevent fall to the Syrians
229

Ptolemy XI killed by Alexandrians (80)
11
,
78
,
234

civil disturbances over taxation
37

grain crisis (50)
46

Caesar’s miniature invasion (48)
51–2

isolation from Egypt proper
78

buildings of
78–83
,
87–8
,
90

town planning
78
,
79

Palaces district
79
,
80
,
82
,
91
,
93
,
95
,
96
,
97

described by Strabo
79–80
,
82

a vibrant city
83

excessive drinking and casual sex
84–5

festivals and processions
85–7

religion
87–90

proclaims Arsinoë IV queen of Egypt
96

Alexandrians’ curious request to Caesar
96

surrenders to Caesar (47)
97
,
155

Cleopatra VII’s unpopularity
48
,
97

Cleopatra returns from Rome (44)
108

Antony relaxes in
155–6

Cleopatra and Antony spend winter in (35/4)
166

mummies found in
196

fall of
203

earthquakes and subsidence
80
,
81

loss of Ptolemaic Alexandria
5

Franco-Egyptian underwater excavation of
90–91

Alexandria mint
140

Alexandrian Wars
95–7
,
101
,
141
,
237