Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453 (50 page)

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The Destruction of the Greek Empire and the Story of the
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The Fall of Constantinople
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The Fortifications and Defence of Constantinople
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Byzantine Churches in Constantinople
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Byzantine Constantinople
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Figures in
italics
indicate captions.

Abraham
1

Abraham of Ankara
1

Acropolis point
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6

Adige River
1

Adrianople (Edirne)
1
,
2

see also
Edirne

Aegean coast
1
,
2

Aegean Sea
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Agincourt, Battle of (1415)
1
,
2

Ahmet (half-brother of Mehmet II)
1

Ahmeti
1

ak sancak
(Sultan’s banner)
1

Akshemsettin, Sheikh
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6

Al-Kashgari
1

Al-Rawandi
1

Albania
1

Aleppo
1

Alexander the Great
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Alexios IV Angelos (pretender)
1

Alfonso of Aragon and Naples
1

Alhambra, Spain
1

Ali (half-brother of Mehmet II)
1

Ali Bey
1

Amasya, Anatolia
1

Anadolu Hisari
1
,
2

Anatolia
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Ottoman call to arms
5

retreating Muslims harassed (718)
1

fertile lowlands
1

gazis
frequently raid
1

referred to as Turchia by 1220s
1

Byzantine kingdom in exile at Nicaea
1

collapses into a mosaic of small kingdoms (1243)
1

mobilization for the 1453 campaign
1

wandering holy men
1

and the Great Idea
1

Anatolian troops
1
,
2

Ancona
1
,
2

Andronikos III, Emperor
1

Andronikos the Terrible
1

Anemas prison
1

Ankara slave market
1

Anthemius
1

anti-unionist clergy
1
,
2
,
3

Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius
1

Arabian Peninsula
1

archers
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6

Aristotle
1

Armenia: surrender to the Arabs (653)
1

armourers
1

arquebuses
1
,
2

Arrian
1

arrows, flaming
1
,
2

Arsenal, Constantinople
1

Arslan, Sultan Alp
1

Artevelde, Philip van
1

artillery

contribution to the conduct of warfare
1

Murat II creates the infrastructure for an artillery force
1

and long-drawn-out sieges
1

Asia Minor
1
,
2

Asian steppes
1

Asomaton
1

Ataturk, Kemal
1
,
2

Attila the Hun
1

Avar siege (626)
1

Avars
1
,
2
,
3

Aya Sofya mosque, Constantinople
1
,
2

see also
St Sophia church

Ayyub (Eyüp; the Prophet’s standard-bearer)
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5

azaps
(Ottoman infantry)
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5

Bacon, Roger
1

Bactatinian Tower
1

Baghdad
1

sacking of (1258)
2

Balkans
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
10

Baltaoglu, Admiral
1

seizure of the Princes’ Islands
1
,
2

fleet assembled under him at Gallipoli
1

failed attack on the boom
1
,
2

confronts Genoese intruders
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

wounded by a stone
1

stripped of his rank and property
1

replaced by Hamza Bey
1

Barbaro, Marco
1

Barbaro, Nicolo
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
15
,
16
,
17
,
18
,
19
,
20
,
21
,
22
,
23
,
24
,
25
,
26
,
27
,
28
,
29
,
30
,
31
,
32

battering rams
1
,
2
,
3

Bayburt, Anatolia
1

Bayezit, Sultan
1
,
2

Bayezit II, Sultan
1
,
2

Bedouins
1

Bektashi order
1

Belgrade
1

Bellini, Gentile
1
,
2

Benvenuto, consul of Ancona
1

biremes
1
,
2

Blachernae church
1

Blachernae Palace
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13

Blachernae sacred shrine of the Virgin
1

Blachernae wall
1

Black Death
1
,
2

Black Sea
1
,
2
,
3

Ovid exiled
4

oil wells
1

and Rumeli Hasari
1

blockade of
1
,
2

winters
1

supply of food dries up (winter of 1452 )
1

cannon ball production
1
,
2
,
3

Constantine’s fortified outposts
1

throttling of trade routes
1

Bocchiardi brothers
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Bocchiardo, Antonio
1

Bocchiardo, Paolo
1
,
2

Bocchiardo, Troilo
1

bodyguards
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Bologna
1

bolts, crossbow
1
,
2
,
3

bombards
1
,
2

Bosnia
1

Bosphorus Strait
1
,
2
,
3

divides Asia and Europe
4
,
5

severe winters
1
,
2

Darius’s bridge of boats
1
,
2

an area of vulnerability for the Ottomans
1

Constantine’s fortified outposts
1

troops ferried across (1453)
1

strong currents
1
,
2

Bourges
1

bowmen
1
,
2
,
3

bows
1
,
2

Brankovic, George
1

Brankovic, Mara
1

brigantines
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6

Brightman, Thomas
1

Brocquière, Bertrandon de la
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

bronze
1
,
2
,
3

Brusa (Bursa)
1

Bryennios, Joseph
1

Bucoleon Palace
1

Budapest
1

Bulgars
1
,
2
,
3

Bull of Excommunication (1054)
1
,
2

Bursa
1
,
2

tombs of Osman and Orhan
3

revolt of Janissaries (1451)
1
,
2

slave market
1

Byron, George Gordon, Lord
1

Byzantine army

defeat at the Battle of Manzikert (1071)
1
,
2

defeat in 1176
1

size of army at 1453 siege
1

multi-national force
1

organisation of
1

Byzantine Empire

Constantinople as capital
1

Justinian’s statue as a monument to its might
1

theological issues
1

tribal wanderers in
1

size of
1

resilience
1

Turks invited to help in civil wars
1

dismembered
1
,
2

internecine feuding
1

vassal of the Ottoman Emperor
1

reputation for cunning
1

inexorable decline
1

end of
1

Byzantine fleet

Battle of the Masts (655)
1

running battles with the Arabs (674-8)
1

attack using Greek fire destroys Muslim fleet (678)
1

abolished by Andronikos (1284)
1

workless sailors defect to the Ottomans
1

available craft
1

Byzantines

fear of siege
1

considered to be heirs to the Roman Empire
1

Greek-speaking inhabitants of Constantinople
1

fatalism
1

attacks ascribed to God’s punishment for

Christian sin
1

preference for their settled Muslim neighbours
1

kingdom in exile at Nicaea
1

Constantinople recaptured (1261)
1

hidebound by a thousand years of ceremony and tradition
1

dynastic marriages and legitimate succession through approved bloodlines
1

Byzas
1