Core Topics in General & Emergency Surgery: Companion to Specialist Surgical Practice (93 page)

Dabigatran etexilate,
274

Damage control laparotomy (DCL),
235–237
,
336–337

Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE),
5

Day case surgery,
41–56

development,
42–43
,
43b

future trends,
53–54

good practice,
48–53

anaesthesia
See
Anaesthesia, day case

attitudes,
50

complications,
52

controversies,
50–51

discharge,
51–52

procedures, rates,
50

recovery, staged,
51
,
52f

paediatric,
52–53
,
53b

patient viewpoint,
43–48

cycle
See
Day surgery cycle

facilities,
43

Day surgery: operational guide
(DOH),
42–43

Day surgery cycle,
44–48
,
44f

admission,
47

discharge,
47–48
,
48b

patient selection,
44–46

age,
44–45

body mass index (BMI),
45
,
45f

medical factors,
45–46
,
46t

smoking,
45

social factors,
44

preoperative assessment,
46–47

investigations,
47

D-dimers,
275

Decompression, sigmoid volvulus,
182

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT),
275

clinical features,
275

D-dimers,
275

diagnostic algorithms,
275
,
275t
,
276

imaging techniques,
276

computed tomography (CT),
276

impedance plethysmography (IP),
276

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA),
276

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
276

venography,
276

venous ultrasound,
276
See also
Venous thromboembolism (VTE)

Department of Health (UK),
11
,
18
,
42–43
,
298–299
,
333

Diabetes mellitus,
46

type II,
345

Diagnostic Assessment Programme (DAP) (NICE),
12

Diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL),
232

Diaphragm injury scale,
257t

Diatrizoatemeglumine,
101

Diets,
316
,
345

Dieulafoy’s lesion,
121

Diltiazem,
209–210

Discounting,
31–32

Diverticulitis
See
Acute colonic diverticulitis

Double-bubble appearance,
216
,
216f
,
219

Double-layer closure technique (Nissen),
104

Drip and suck regimen,
160

Duhamel procedure,
219

Dumping syndrome,
355

Duodenal perforations,
110–112

Duodenal switch,
347
,
348f

complications,
351t
,
354–355

Duodenal ulcers, giant,
104
,
104f

Duodenal-jejunal barrier, complications,
351t
,
356

bleeding,
356

bowel obstruction,
356

migration,
356

Duodenitis,
121

Duodenojejunostomy,
104

Duodenostomy, catheter,
104
,
104f

Duodenum injury scale,
260t

Dutch Acute Pancreatitis Study Group,
146

Dysphagia,
350–352

Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma,
243

Ebb and flow phases, trauma,
308–310
,
308f

Echocardiography,
277

Economic evaluation,
32–37
,
33t

cost-benefit analysis,
35

cost-effectiveness

analysis,
33–34

incremental, ratios (ICER),
34

league tables,
34–35

cost-minimisation analysis,
33

cost-utility analysis,
34

ethical issues,
37

method, choice,
35
,
36t

recent advances,
37

sensitivity analysis,
36–37

extremes, analysis,
36

probabilistic analysis (PSA),
37

simple,
36

threshold analysis,
36

value of information analysis,
37

willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds,
35

Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC),
12–13

Effectiveness and Efficiency
(Cochrane),
1

Elastic compression stockings, graduated (GECSs),
273
,
273b

Elective surgery,
82
,
83b

Electrocardiography (ECG),
47

Electrolyte disturbances,
319b

Elemental diets,
316

EMBASE database,
4–5

Emergency medical services (EMS),
229–230

Emergency surgery

abdominal hernias,
76

anorectal
See
Anorectal emergencies

colonic
See
Colonic emergencies

day cases,
53

general
See
Emergency surgery, general

paediatric
See
Paediatric surgical emergencies

pancreaticobiliary
See
Pancreaticobiliary emergencies

Emergency surgery, general

early assessment, acute abdomen,
83–86

management,
81
,
82b

services organisation,
82–83

elective, separation,
82
,
83b

subspecialisation,
83

Emphysematous cholecystitis,
137
,
137f

‘End Result Idea’,
1

Endoscopic duodeno-jejunal sleeve,
349
,
349f

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR),
110

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP),
134
,
135f

acute cholangitis,
141–142

acute pancreatitis,
146
,
151b

duodenal/jejunal perforations,
110–112

ERCP-related complications,
151–152
,
152f

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD),
110

Endoscopic treatment, peptic ulcers,
122–125

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS),
134b
,
151b

Endoscopy,
120–121

Endotherapy, mucosal/submucosal tumours,
110

Energy

assessment,
314

sources,
318–319

Enhanced recovery,
53

Enteral nutritional support,
315–316

access routes,
315–316

acute pancreatitis,
148–150
,
321

delivery/complications,
316
,
317b

importance,
315

nutrient solutions,
316

perioperative,
321

Enterocutaneous fistulas,
322

Enterolith obstruction,
163–164

Enterostomy tube,
336

Epigastric hernias,
60–61

aetiology,
60

clinical presentation,
60

complications,
61

management,
60–61

operative details,
60–61

EQ-5D questionnaire,
27
,
29–30

ERCP
See
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Escherichia coli
,
140

Esomeprazole,
125

Essential fatty acids,
322

Ethical issues,
37

European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN),
317
,
321b
,
322
,
323–324

EuroQol questionnaire,
27

Evidence-based Medicine
(journal),
4

Evidence-based Mental Health
(journal),
4

Evidence-based Nursing
(journal),
4

Evidence-based medicine (EBM),
1–22

audit,
18–19
,
18f

clinical guidelines,
11–13

critical appraisal,
5–8

grading, evidence,
13–16
,
13b
,
13t
,
14t

determining strength, evidence,
14–15

recommendations,
15t
,
16

system,
15–16
,
15t

implementation,
16–17
,
17b

integrated care pathways (ICPs),
13

meta-analysis,
9–11

heterogeneity,
9–11
,
10f
,
11f

need for,
2–3

process,
3

sources, evidence,
3–5

systematic literature reviews,
8–9

discussion,
9

evaluation studies,
9

literature search,
8–9

question protocol,
8

results, synthesis,
9

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP),
5

Exercise capacity, measures,
293–294

External validity,
3

Extrahepatic biliary tree injury scale,
259t

Extremes, analysis,
36

Factor V Leiden,
270

Fallopian tube injury scale,
265t

Family history,
271

‘Fast track’ surgery,
44
,
53

Fat,
318–319

metabolism,
310

Feeding lines,
317
,
317b

Femoral hernias,
71–72

aetiology,
71

anatomy,
64f
,
71

management,
71–72

operative details,
71–72

high approach (McEvedy),
72

laparoscopic approach,
72

low approach (Lockwood),
71–72

transinguinal approach (Lothiessen),
72

Fennerty algorithm, modified,
279–280

Fentanyl,
48

Finney pyloroplasty,
104

A First class service
(DOH),
2

Fistulas

enterocutaneous,
322

fistula-in-ano,
207–208

gastro-gastric,
355

intestinal,
339–341
,
340b

malignant,
208

Fixed-effect model (meta-analysis),
9

Fluid resuscitation,
301–302
,
302f

children,
226

Fondaparinux,
274
,
279

Foreign bodies, anorectal,
211–212

Fresh frozen plasma (FFP),
119

Functional assessment,
287

Gallbladder stones,
134–135
,
134f
,
135f
,
136f

Gallbladder torsion,
139

Gallstone disease, acute,
150–151
,
356

pregnancy,
139

Gallstone ileus,
164

Gastric band,
346
,
346f

complications,
350–353
,
351t

erosion,
352
,
352f

patients,
345

slippage,
351–352
,
352f

tight,
350–351
,
352b
,
352f

Gastric bypass, Roux-en-Y,
346
,
346f

complications,
351t
,
354–355

Gastric ‘pacemakers’,
345
,
349–350
,
351t

Gastric plication,
349

complications,
351t
,
356

Gastric ulcers, perforation,
105

Gastritis,
121

Gastro-gastric fistula,
355

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

enteral nutrition,
317b

haemorrhage,
167
,
168f

upper
See
Upper gastrointestinal (UGI)
entries

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs),
121

Gastrostomy tubes,
315–316

abdominal sepsis,
336
,
336f

General anaesthesia,
49–50

General Medical Council (GMC), patient information,
294

Generalised peritonitis,
196

Geneva scoring system,
276

Ghrelin (hunger hormone),
345

Giant duodenal ulcers,
104
,
104f

GIFTASUP (British Consensus Guidelines on Intravenous Fluid Therapy for Adult Surgical Patients),
301–302

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS),
234

Glasgow scoring system, acute pancreatitis,
145

Glucagon,
309b

Glucose,
318

disturbances,
319b

Glutamine supplementation,
322

L
-glutamine,
318
,
322

Glycerine trinitrate (GTN),
209–210

Glycopyrrolate,
187

Goal-directed therapy (GDT),
302
,
302b
,
330b

Google Scholar,
4

Graduated elastic compression stockings (GECSs),
273
,
273b

Grey Turner’s sign,
143
,
143f

GriPP (Getting Research into Practice and Purchasing),
17

Growth hormone,
309b

Guidelines for day case surgery
(Royal College of Surgeons of England),
42