Dear White America (15 page)

1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headright

2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790

3
Shawna Orzechowski and Peter Sepielli,
Net Worth and Asset Ownership of Households: 1998 and 2000.
Current Population Reports, pp. 70–88. (United States Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, May 2003), 2, 13–15.

4
Ben Rooney, “Recession Widens Racial Gap,”
CNN Money
(July 26, 2011),
http://money.cnn.com/2011/07/26/news/economy/wealth_gap_white_black_ hispanic/index.htm

5
“Rep. Alan Grayson: $12 Trillion Gone and Nobody Punished,”
DailyKos
(Feb. 13, 2010),
www.dailykos.com/story/2010/02/13/836676/-Rep-Alan-Grayson:-$12-trillion-Gone-and-Nobody-Punished

6
“Cost of Crime” (National Center for Victims of Crime),
www.ncvc.org/ncvc/main.aspx?dbName=DocumentViewer&DocumentID=38710#_ftn4

7
Alfred Blumrosen and Ruth Blumrosen,
The Reality of Intentional Job Discrimination in Metropolitan America, 1999
(New Jersey: Rutgers University, 1999),
www.eeo1.com_NR/Title.pdf

8
“Study Says Light-Skinned Immigrants in U.S. Make More Money Than Darker-Skinned Ones,”
FoxNews.com
(January 27, 2007),
www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,247302,00.html
; and Richard Morin, “Immigrants and the Whiter-Shade-of-Pale Bonus,”
Washington Post.com
(October 18, 2006),

9
U.S. Department of Labor,
2009 Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity
,
www.bls.gov/cps/cpsrace2009.pdf
. Table 4. Because this table does not break out non-Hispanic whites from the white totals, it tends to inflate the unemployment rate for white workers, who are not also members of an ethnic “group of color.” In Labor Department data, roughly 92 percent of Hispanics are counted in the “white” racial category and need to be removed in order to provide a “real” white unemployment rate. Once the figures in this table are adjusted, the “real” white unemployment rate falls to 4.1 percent. The black rate, by comparison, at 7.3 percent, is about 80 percent higher. The Asian American rate of 5.6 percent is about 37 percent higher than this white rate, and the Hispanic rate of 5.7 percent is about 39 percent higher than the white rate. As this volume was going to press, newer data from the Labor Department was released, available at
www.bls.gov/cps/cpsrace2010.pdf
. For 2010, this data indicates a “real white” unemployment rate of 4.15 percent. The black rate of 7.9 percent is about 90 percent higher than the white rate. The Asian American rate of 5.5 percent is approximately a third higher than this white rate, and the Hispanic rate of 6 percent is about 45 percent higher than this white rate.

10
Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity
; see preceding note,
www.bls.gov/cps/cpsrace2009.pdf
, Table 16, p. 44.

11
U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements,
www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/people/index.html

12
Devah Pager and Bruce Western, “Race at Work: Realities of Race and Criminal Record in the NYC Job Market,” paper presented at the NYC Commission on Human Rights conference, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture (December 9, 2005), and Devah Pager,
Marked: Race, Crime and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007),
www.princeton.edu/~pager/race_at_work.pdf

13
Douglass S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton,
American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 200; Deborah L. McKoy and Jeffrey M. Vincent, “Housing and Education: the Inextricable Link,” in
Segregation: The Rising Costs for America
,

14
Sam Spatter, “Fair Housing Partnership Study: Blacks Still Face Mortgage Bias,”
Pittsburgh Tribune Review
(November 25, 2009),
www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_654803.html

15
Applied Research Center,
Race and Recession: How Inequity Rigged the Economy and How to Change the Rules
(Oakland: Applied Research Center, May 2009), 37–39; Kathleen C. Engel and Patricia A. McCoy, “The CRA Implications of Predatory Lending,” 29
Fordham Urban Law Journal
4 (2002), 1571–1606.

16
“New Data from the U.S. Department of Education, 2009-2010 Civil Rights Data Collection Show

Continuing Disparities in Educational Opportunities and Resources” (U.S. Department of Education, press release, June 30, 2011),
www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/new-data-us-department-education-2009-10-civil-rights-data-collection-show-conti

17
Linda Darling-Hammond, “Unequal Opportunity: Race and Education,”
Brookings Review
. Spring, 1998: 31.

18
Demetra Kalogrides, Susanna Loeb and Tara Béteille,
Power Play? Teacher Characteristics and Class Assignments
(Urban Institute, National Center for Analysis of Longitudinal data in Education Research, Working Paper 59, March 2011).

19
Gary Orfield et al., “Deepening Segregation in American Public Schools: A Special Report From the Harvard Project on School Desegregation,”
Equity & Excellence in Education
, 30, 1997, 5–24; Valerie Martinez-Ebers, “Latino Interests in Education, Health and Criminal Justice Policy,”
Political Science and Politics
(September 2000).

20
Daniel G. Solorzano and Armida Ornelas, “A Critical Race Analysis of Latina/o and African American Advanced Placement Enrollment in Public High Schools,”
The High School Journal
(Vol. 87: 3, February-March 2004),
www.jstor.org/pss/40364293
; Philip Handwerk, Namrata Tognatta, Richard J. Coley, and Drew H. Gitomer,
Access to Success: Patterns of Advanced Placement Participation in U.S. High Schools
(Princeton, N.J., Educational Testing Service, 2008),
www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/PIC-ACCESS.pdf

21
Raegen Miller and Diana Epstein, “There Still be Dragons: Racial Disparity in School Funding Is No Myth,” (Center for American Progress, July 2011),
www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/07/still_be_dragons.html
; Kevin Carey,
The Funding Gap: Low Income and Minority Students Still Receive Fewer Dollars in Many States
(Washington DC, The Education Trust, 2003).

22
World Without Work: Causes and Consequences of Black Male Joblessness
(Center for the Study of Social Policy and the Philadelphia Children's Network, 1994); Paige Harrison and Jennifer Karberg,
Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2002
(U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Bulletin, April 2003).

23
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA),
Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Volume I. Summary of National Findings
. (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-38A, HHS Publication No. SMA10-4586, Rockville, MD, 2010), as well as all similar years of SAMHSA data dating back to the 1990s. In some years, white drug usage rates are slightly higher that the rates for persons of color, while in others, the rates for persons of color are higher. At other times, the rates of use are similar, within the range of statistically insignificant differences. When the data are longitudinally examined over a decade or so, there is little argument that whites, blacks and Latinos use drugs are comparable rates; also see data from Human Rights Watch, at
www.hrw.org/reports/2009/03/02/decades-disparity-0
; and
www.hrw.org/en/reports/2008/05/04/targeting-blacks
.

24
Jim Sidanius, Shana Levin and Felicia Pratto, “Hierarchial Group Relations, Institutional Terror and the

Dynamics of the Criminal Justice System,” in
Confronting Racism: The Problem and the Response
, Jennifer Eberhardt and Susan T. Fiske, eds. (London: Sage Publications, 1998).

25
Eileen Poe-Yamagata and Michael A. Jones,
And Justice for Some: Differential Treatment of Minority Youth in the Justice System
(Washington, DC: Building Blocks for Youth, 2000).

26
Matthew R. Durose, Erica L. Schmitt and Patrick A. Langan,
Contacts Between Police and the Public: Findings from the 2002 National Survey
(U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, April 2005),
http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpp02.pdf

27
The Gallup Organization, Gallup Poll Social Audit,
Black-White Relations in the United States, 2001 Update
(July 10, 2001), pp. 7–9.

28
Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity, 2010
(United States Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Report 1032, August, 2011),
www.bls.gov/cps/cpsrace2010.pdf

29
Melvin Oliver and Thomas Shapiro,
Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality
(New York: Routledge, 2006).

30
Massey and Denton, 1993, pp. 86, 153.

31
Jeannie Oakes, “Two cities' tracking and within-school segregation,”
Teachers College Record
, 96(4), 1995: pp. 681–690.

32
Russell Skiba et al.,
The Color of Discipline: Sources of Racial and Gender Disproportionality in School Punishment
(Indiana Education Policy Center, Research Report SRS1, June 2000); and the same authors in
The Urban Review
34(4) (December 2002),
www.springerlink.com/content/m1u4806148441l8x/

33
Joe Feagin and Melvin Sikes,
Living With Racism: The Black Middle Class Experience
(Boston: Beacon

Press, 1995); Annie Barnes,
Say it Loud: Middle Class Blacks Talk About Racism and What to Do About It
(Pilgrim Press, 2000).

34
Michael K. Brown, Martin Carnoy, Elliott Currie, Troy Duster, David B. Oppenheimer, Marjorie M. Shultz and David Wellman,
Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color-Blind Society
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), p. 89.

35
United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Poverty in the United States, 2000,”
Current Population Survey
(March 2000).

36
Rose M. Kreider and Renee Ellis,
Living Arrangements of Children: 2009
. Current Population Reports, P70-126 (United States Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, 2011), Table 8, p. 20.

37
Carmen Denavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor and Jessica C. Smith,
Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009
, Current Population Reports, pp. 60–238 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, 2010), Table B1, pp. 58, 61, available at:
www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p60-238.pdf

38
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
National Vital Statistics Reports
49:10 (September 25, 2001): pp. 1–4, 11, Table 2; also Joyce A. Martin, Brady E. Hamilton, Paul D. Sutton, Stephanie J. Ventura, T.J. Mathews, Sharon Kirmeyer and Michelle J.K. Osterman, “Births: Final Data for 2007,”
National Vital Statistics Reports
58: 24 (August 9, 2010),
www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr58/nvsr58_24.pdf

39
Steven A. Holmes, “Black Birthrate for Single Women Is at 40-Year Low,”
New York Times
, July 1, 1998: A1.

40
Lucy Williams,
Decades of Distortion: The Right's 30-Year Assault on Welfare
(Somerville, MA: Political Research Associates, December 1997), p. 2.

41
Tracy Loveless and Jan Tin,
Dynamics of Economic Well-Being: Participation in Government Programs, 2001 Through 2003 Who Gets Assistance?
Current Population Reports, P70-108 (United States Bureau of the Census, Household Economic Studies, October 2006), Tables A-2, A-4 and A-6, pp. 18, 20, 22.