Dear White America (16 page)

42
Loveless and Tin, 2006: 45–46, Table A-8, p. 25.

43
Shelley Irving, “TANF Participation and Employment in SIPP, 2004–2007,” for presentation at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, August 14, 2010.

44
Joshua Holland, “8 Unemployed for Every Job Opening: What are They Supposed to Do Once Their Benefits Run Out?”
Alternet.org
(March 23, 2011),
www.alternet.org/economy/150358/8_unemployed_for_every_job_opening%3A_what_are_they_supposed_to_do_once_their_benefits_run_out/

45
Scott Paul, “Shocker: Only 6 Out of 100 Applicants Can Get a Job at McDonalds It's Time for Politicians to Stop Ignoring Our Jobs Crisis,” Alternet.org (May 4, 2011),
www.alternet.org/story/150839/shocker%3A_only_6_out_of_100_applicants_can_get_a_job_at_mcdonald%27s_--_it%27s_time_for_politicians_to_stop_ignoring_our_jobs_crisis/

46
Loveless and Tin, 2006: 45–46), Table A-7

47
Sarah Carr, “Coalition Says Study Rebuts Education Myths: Responses Demonstrate Commitment of Minority Students, Educators Say,”
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Online
(November 19, 2002),
www.jsonline.com/news/metro/nov02/97244
; Catherine Gewertz, “No Racial Gap Seen in Students' School Outlook,”
Education Week
(November 20, 2002).

48
Judith Blau,
Race in the Schools: Perpetuating White Dominance?
(Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003): pp. 57–59, 84–85, 92–93.

49
Charles P. Henry,
Long Overdue: The Politics of Racial Reparation
(New York University Press, 2007), 171.

50
DeNavas-Walt, Proctor and Smith, 2010: 44, Table 4.

51
Adam Serwer, “The De-Facto Segregation of Health Care,”
American Prospect
(August 21, 2009),
http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=the_defacto_segregation_of_health_care
; Ryan Blitstein, “Racism's Hidden Toll,”
Miller-McCune
(June 2009),
http://miller-mccune.com/health/racisms-hidden-toll-1268?article_page=1

52
Denavas-Walt, Proctor and Smith, 2010: 44, Table A-1;
www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p60-238.pdf

53
Rebecca Perron,
African American Experiences in the Economy: Recession Effects More Strongly Felt
(American Association for Retired Persons, February 2010); and William Julius Wilson,
More Than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City
(NY: W. W. Norton and Company, 2010).

54
Nasrin Dalirizar,
Reasons People do not Work: 2004
. P70-111 (United States Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, 2007).

55
Matthew Frye Jacobsen,
Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999); Noel Ignatiev,
How the Irish Became White
(NY: Routledge, 2008).

56
Massey and Denton, 1993: 31.

57
Stephen Steinberg,
The Ethnic Myth
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1989); Fox Butterfield, “Why Asians Are Going to the Head of the Class,”
New York Times
(education supplement), August 3, 1986; Gary Mar, “Are Asians Model Minorities?” (2001),
http://academic.udayton.edu/race/01race/model01.htm
; U.S. Federal Glass Ceiling Commission,
Good for Business: Making Full Use of the Nation's Human Capital
(Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs, March 1995), p. 107; Vijay Prashad,
The Karma of Brown Folk
(Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), p. 75.

58
Asian poverty data and comparisons with white poverty rates are from the Census Bureau, and can be found at:
www.asian-nation.org/demographics.shtml

59
www.asian-nation.org/population.shtml
; and Terrance Reeves and Claudette Bennett, “The Asian and pacific Islander Population in the United States: March 2002,”
Current Population Reports
, pp. 20–540 (Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census, May 2003).

60
Nancy Rivera Brooks, “Study Attacks Belief in Asian American Affluence, Privilege,”
San Jose Mercury News
(May 19, 1994), 1A; Rosalind S. Chou and Joe R. Feagin,
The Myth of the Model Minority: Asian Americans Facing Racism
(Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2008), p. 12.

61
A Snapshot of ‘A Portrait of Chinese Americans,' Key Findings
(Washington, DC, and College Park, MD.: Organization of Chinese Americans and the Asian American Studies Program, University of Maryland, November 2008), p. 5.

62
“Major Study of Asian Americans Debunks ‘Model Minority' Myth,”
Science Daily
(November 12, 2008),
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081112101339.htm

63
Reeves and Bennett, 2003: 3.

64
DeNavas-Walt, Proctor and Smith, 2010, Table 1, p. 6.

65
Clark McKown and Michael Strambler, “Developmental Antecedents and Social and Academic Consequences of Stereotype-Consciousness in Middle Childhood,”
Child Development
80(6) (November 2009), pp. 1643–1659.

66
That most whites, even in many blue states, voted against Barack Obama in 2008 is from exit poll data compiled by CNN at
www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#USP00p1

67
Mike Davis, “Obama at Manassas,”
New Left Review
(March-April 2009), p. 24.

68
For evidence of racist signage brought to anti-Obama rallies from 2008-2010, or racist e-mails sent by conservative activists, see
http://images.huffingtonpost.com/gadgets/slideshows/1398/slide_1398_20072_large.jpg
;
http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2009/POLITICS/09/17/obama.witchdoctor.teaparty/art.obama.protest.sign.cnn.jpg
;
http://firedoglake.com/2010/03/07/doesnt-it-seem-like-every-week-some-republican-asshole-gets-caught-sending-a-racist-email/
;
www.fitsnews.com/2009/06/12/scgop-activist-posts-remark-disparaging-first-lady/
;
www.nashvillescene.com/pitw/archives/2009/06/15/republican-staffer-e-mails-obama-spook-photo
;
http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2009/07/conservative_activist_forwards_racist_pic_showing.php
;
www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/25/white-house-watermelon-em_n_169933.html
;
www.flickr.com/photos/jr1882/3792322329/
;
http://twitpic.com/hhlk6
;
www.examiner.com/liberal-in-anchorage/video-9-12-teabaggers-flaunt-racism-ignorance
;
http://crooksandliars.com/john-amato/dr-david-mckalip-mr-tea-party-forwards
;
www.oliverwillis.com/2009/08/04/racism-on-display-in-anti-health-care-rallies/
;
http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/04/gop_member_sends_email_depicting_obama_family_as_apes.html

69
Zachary Roth, “Tea Party New York Gov's Candidate's E-Mails Exposed: Racism, Porn, Bestiality,”
Talking Points Memo.com
(April 12, 2010),
http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/04/tea_party_gov_candidates_racist_sexually_graphic_e.php

70
“Glenn Beck: Obama agenda driven by ‘reparations' and desire to ‘settle old racial scores,'”
Media Matters.org
(July 23, 2009),
http://mediamatters.org/mmtv/200907230040

71
Laura Bassett, “Rush Limbaugh: Obama Created Recession as ‘Payback' for Racism,”
Huffington Post.com
(July 7, 2010),
www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/07/rush-limbaugh-obama-creat_n_637716.html

72
“Fox's Eric Bolling: Obama is Hosting ‘Hoodlums' in ‘The Hizzouse,'”
Media Matters.org
(June 11, 2011),
http://mediamatters.org/blog/201106110002

73
“Fox's Bolling: ‘Obama is Chugging 40s in Ireland,'”
Media Matters.org
(May 23, 2011),
http://mediamatters.org/blog/201105230043

74
Maggie Haberman, “Donald Trump: ‘How did Barack Obama Get into Ivies?'”
Politico.com
(April 25, 2011),
www.politico.com/news/stories/0411/53694.html

75
“Trump Endorses McCain,”
CNN Politics
, September 18, 2008,
http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/09/18/trump-endorses-mccain/

76
“John McCain's GPA and College Records,”
EDU In Review
(October, 2008),
www.eduinreview.com/blog/2008/10/john-mccains-gpa-and-college-records/
; and Peter Robison, “Palin, ‘Average' Student at 5 Schools, Prayed, Planned for TV,” Bloomberg.com (September 7, 2008),
www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aYY9hiQdr5E4&refer=home

77
Ron Fournier and Trevor Thompson, “Poll: Racial Views Steer Some White Dems Away from Obama,” (September 20, 2008),
www.perla.org/blog/previouspostings/RacePoll.htm

78
Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman, “See Baby Discriminate,” Newsweek/The Daily Beast (September 4, 2009),
www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/09/04/see-baby-discriminate.html
; “Test That Found Widespread Unconscious Bias Validated,”
Science Daily.com
(June 18, 2009),
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090617142120.htm
; Justin Levinson, “Forgotten Racial Equality: Implicit Bias, Decision-Making and Misremembering,”
Duke Law Journal
57 (November 2007),
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=975793
; Eben Harrell, “Study: Racial Attitudes are Still Ingrained,”
Time.com
(January 8, 2009),
www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1870408,00.html
; Shankar Vedantam, “How the Unconscious Mind Can Act Out Our Prejudices,”
Alternet.org
(February 18, 2010),
www.alternet.org/books/145699/how_the_unconscious_mind_can_act_out_our_prejudices_

79
Lori Dorfman and Vincent Schiraldi,
Off Balance: Youth, Race and Crime in the News
(Building Blocks for Youth, April 2001),
www.cclp.org/documents/BBY/offbalance.pdf

80
“Negative Perception of Blacks Rises With More News Watching, Studies Say,”
Science Daily.com
(July 17, 2008),
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080717134527.htm

81
Joe Feagin,
Systemic Racism
(NY: Routledge, 2006), p. 26.

82
That whites are four to five times more likely to be criminally victimized by another white person than by a black person is evident from data in Michael R. Rand and Jayne E. Robinson,
Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2008 Statistical Tables.
(United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, May 12, 2011), Tables 42, 48.
http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cvus0802.pdf
.

83
Birt L. Duncan, “Differential Social Perception and Attributes of Intergroup Violence: Testing the Lower Limits of Stereotyping of Blacks,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
(1976).

84
“Study: White and black children biased toward lighter skin,” CNN.com (May 14, 2010),
www.cnn.com/2010/US/05/13/doll.study/index.html

85
http://trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com/archives/2008/06/stick-a-pin-in-it.html
; and

http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/right-america-feeling-wronged/

86
Ronald Brownstein, “The White Working Class: The Most Pessimistic Group in America,”
The Atlantic.com
(May 27, 2011),
www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/05/the-white-working-class-the-most-pessimistic-group-in-america/239584/
; Jon Cohen and Dan Balz, “Poll: Whites without college degrees especially pessimistic about the economy,”
Washington Post.com
(February 22, 2011),
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/22/AR2011022200005.html
; Jim Tankersley, Ron Fournier and Nancy Cook, “Why Whites are More Pessimistic About Their Future Than Minorities,”
The Atlantic.com
(October 7, 2011),
www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/10/why-whites-are-more-pessimistic-about-their-future-than-minorities/246366/