Distant Voices (74 page)

67
The
Independent
, March 28, 1991.

68
See William Blum,
The CIA, A Forgotten History
, pp. 275–8.

69
The
Guardian
, May 16, 1991.

70
The
New York Times
, March 26, 1991.

71
BBC and ITN, March 13, 1991.

72
The
Boston Globe
, January 18, 1991.

73
The
International Herald Tribune
, February 23–24, 1991 and the
Washington Post
, March 18, 1981, cited in the
Independent
the following day.

74
The
New York Times
, cited by the
Guardian
, January 16, 1992.

75
I am indebted to Noam Chomsky for this observation. In the
Guardian
of July 22, 1985 he wrote, ‘The weaker the country, the greater the threat [to US policy], because the greater the adversity under which success is rendered, the more significant the result'.

76
Cited by Paul Rogers, the
Observer
, June 28, 1992.

77
Ibid.

78
The
Guardian
, March 23, 1991.

79
Commission of Inquiry for the International War Crimes Tribunal, New York hearing, May 11, 1991.

80
The
Guardian
, March 23, 1991.

81
The
Observer
, May 3, 1991.

82
The
Guardian
, May 18, 1991.

83
The
Independent
, May 9, 1991.

84
Letter from M. V. Cooligan, Head of Export Control and Embargo, Department of Trade and Industry, to R. Turner, Oxfam, September 1990. This letter was sent again in March 1991.

85
Report to UN Secretary-General by Nicholas Hunton, Director-General, Save the Children Fund and Frank Judd, Director, Oxfam, 1991.

86
Report by Dr Eric Hoskins, Gulf Peace Team, received May 21, 1991.

87
Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation Gulf Digest
, May 1991.

88
The Economic Impact of the Gulf Crisis on Third World Countries
. Memorandum to The Foreign Affairs Select Committee, March 1991.

89
Private communication.

90
Comparisons from ‘The War Dividend',
Guardian
, January 25, 1991.

91
Ibid.

92
Ian Lee,
Continuing Health Cost of the Gulf War
, The Medical Educational Trust, London, 1991.

93
The Economic Impact of the Gulf Crisis on Third World Countries
, see Note 88.

94
The
New York Times
, December 2, 1990;
Covert Action
, No. 37, summer 1991.

95
US News and World Report
, December 10, 1990.

96
BBC Short Wave Broadcasts Summary
, November 1991.

97
Middle East International
, October 12, 1990; also, as told to Richard McKerrow by Steve Sherman.

98
BBC Short Wave Broadcasts Summary
and
Middle East International
; Turkish press review, July 22, 1991.

99
World Bank and OECD figures from Nexus.

100
US News and World Report
, December 19, 1990; the
Nation
, December 7, 1990.

101
The
Nation
, December 24, 1990; also Geoffrey Aronson, Institute for Policy Studies, Washington, Background Paper, October 1991.

102
The Times
, September 19, 1990; also
War by Other Means
, Central Television, 1992.

103
Middle East Report
, November and December 1991.

104
The
New York Times
, December 2, 1990; Carl Zaisser,
US Bribery and Arm-twisting of Security Council Members during the November 29 Vote on the resolution allowing the use of force in ousting Iraq from Kuwait
, 1991.

105
Carl Zaisser.

106
Phyllis Bennis,
Covert Action
, No. 37, summer 1991.

107
World Bank statement, Nexus.

108
Carl Zaisser.

109
Phyllis Bennis;
BBC Short Wave Broadcasts Summary; Village Voice
, February 26, 1991.

110
The
New York Times
, December 2, 1990; also Phyllis Bennis.

111
Phyllis Bennis; also Nexus.

112
Private communication of source material.

113
The
Guardian
, February 21, 1991.

114
BBC Television Gulf War coverage, January 18, 1991.

115
Richard Norton-Taylor and David Pallister, the
Guardian
, March 7, 1992; Paul Foot,
Daily Mirror
, March 6, 1992; David Hellier and Rosie Waterhouse, the
Independent
, March 14, 1992.

116
The
Guardian, May
3, 1992.

117
Scotland on Sunday
, November 17, 1991; also
BBC Short Wave Broadcasts Summary
.

118
Statement by Iraq Trade Minister, Mehdi Saleh, New York, March 12, 1991.

119
The
Guardian
(letters), April 4, 1992.

120
Lies of Our Times
, ‘Down the memory hole', June 1991.

121
TV Guide
, June 12, 1986.

122
See Note 101.

123
The Times
, September 19, 1990.

124
New Statesman and Society
, April 24, 1992.

125
Socialist
, March 11–24, 1992.

126
The
Daily Mirror
, April 17, 1992.

127
Ibid.

128
The
Observer
, May 10, 1992.

129
Ibid.

130
Ibid.

131
Ibid.

V WAR BY OTHER MEANS

1
The
Guardian
, September 3, 1991.

2
War by Other Means
, Central Television, 1992.

3
Socialist Economic Bulletin
, no. 3, December 1990.

4
BBC Radio 4 News and Nine O'Clock Television News bulletins, October 1–5, 1993.

5
The
Green Left Weekly
, September 29, 1993.

6
Ibid.

7
The
New York Times
, published in the
International Herald Tribune
, September 9, 1993.

8
CNN News (South East Asia), September 22, 1993.

9
The
Wall Street Journal
, January 12, 1993.

10
Cited in
Economic Intelligence
, New York, March 1993.

11
Aida Fullers Santos and Lynn E Lee,
The Debt Crisis: A Treadmill of Poverty for Filipino Women
, Kalayaan, Manila, 1989, p. 22, cited by Dale Hildebrand in
To Pay is to Die, The Philippine Foreign Debt Crisis
, Philippine International Forum, 1991.

12
Susan George,
The Debt Boomerang
, Pluto Press, London, 1992.

13
As told to the author.

14
UNICEF,
State of the World's Children
, 1989, p. 1.

15
Official statistics cited in ‘Red Noses buy only 8 hours of debt relief',
Socialist
, April 11, 1991.

16
In a written answer in the House of Commons, the Government stated that tax relief to banks on ‘doubtful sovereign debt' amounted to ‘about £70 million in 1987–8, over £0.5 billion for 1988–89 and about £0.33 billion for 1989–90'.
Hansard
, December 19, 1990, p. 180.

17
Anti-Slavery Reporter
, published by the Anti-Slavery Society for the Protection of Human Rights, Series VII, Vol. 13, no. 5, 1988, p. 19.

18
The
Guardian
, June 7, 1990.

19
Walden Bello, Band Kinley and Elaine Elinson,
Development Debacle: The World Bank and the Philippines
, Institute for Food and Development Policy, Philippine Solidarity Network, San Francisco, 1982, p. 23.

20
Ibid., p. 25.

21
Statistic supplied to the author by Walden Bello.

22
Poverty statistics from IBON Databank study, Manila; cited in the
Daily Globe
, November 11, 1991.

23
Walden Bello,
Development Debacle
, p. 1.

24
Dale Hildebrand,
To Pay is to Die: The Philippine Foreign Debt Crisis
, Philippine International Forum, 1991, p. 9.

25
James B. Goodno,
The Philippines: Land of Broken Promises
, Zed Books, London, 1991, jacket quotation.

26
Hildebrand, p. 15.

27
Ibid., p. 3.

28
Cited in an internal report for Save the Children Fund, Manila and London.

29
Ibid.

30
See UNICEF,
State of the World's Children
, 1989, p. 1.

31
Asian Wall Street Journal
, special advertising feature, October 1991.

32
Annual Meeting News
, Bangkok, 1991, October 14, 1991.

33
John Clark,
For Richer for Poorer
, Oxfam, Oxford, 1986, p. 91.

34
The
Bangkok Post
, October 17, 1991.

35
A total of $12 billion taken by Marcos was estimated by, among others, Morgan Guaranty Trust,
Business Week
, April 21, 1986.

36
The
Nation
(Bangkok), October 14, 1991.

37
The
Nation
(Bangkok), October 16, 1991.

38
Press conference, Bangkok, October 17, 1991.

39
Documentation received. See the
Observer
, April 22, 1990 and
New Internationalist
, December 1990.

40
The
Bangkok Post
, Observer 15 and 17, 1991.

41
Ibid., October 15, 1991.

42
UNICEF,
State of the World's Children
, 1989, p. 1.

43
The
Bangkok Post
, October 15, 1991.

44
The
Washington Post
, February 16, 1992.

45
The
Fletcher Forum of World Affairs
, summer 1992, citing an article by Djilas.

46
Chronology of the Yugoslav Crisis
, January 1990–May 1992, Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, 1992, p. 1.

47
European Community and the Yugoslav Crisis
, Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, 1992, p. 8.

48
Facts on File
, May 9, 1991, p. 342, cited by Sean Gervasi in
Covert Action
, No. 43, winter 1992–3. (I am grateful to Sean Gervasi for his enquiry and analysis.)

49
European Community and the Yugoslav Crisis
, p. 10.

50
The
New Yorker
, August 24, 1992.

51
Covert Action
, No. 43.

52
The
New York Times
, October 14, 1989.

53
Facts on File
, December 31, 1989, p. 985, cited by Gervasi.

54
Covert Action
, No. 43.

55
I am grateful to Misha Gavrilovic for this reminder, and other insights, in a letter to the author.

56
Covert Action
, No. 43.

57
Time
, December 28, 1992.

58
The
Guardian
, December 14, 1992

59
Covert Action
, No. 43.

60
BBC Short Wave Broadcasts, August, 1992.

61
The
New Statesman
, December 18, 1992.

62
Private correspondence collection of J. E. Walsh.

63
The
Guardian
, December 5, 1992.

64
Ibid.

65
The
Guardian
magazine, January 9, 1993.

66
BBC Short Wave Broadcasts, December, 1992.

67
The Observer
, June 20, 1993.

68
The
Guardian
, June 19, 1993.

69
Covert Action
, No. 43.

70
See Victoria Brittain, ‘West must act or the losers take all', the
Guardian
, March 3, 1993.

71
‘Reforming the United Nations', speech at Pax Christi conference, London, January 23,f 1993,

72
BBC Shortwave Broadcasts, December, 1992.

73
The
Guardian
, December 29, 1992.

74
Ibid., December 16, 1992.

75
The
Observer
, January 10, 1993.

VI EAST TIMOR

1
Interview with the author, Canberra, August 1993, for
Death of a Nation: The Timor Conspiracy
, Central Television, broadcast on the ITV network, February 22, 1994.

2
The
Irish Times
, September 8, 1983. See also James Dunn,
Timor: A People Betrayed
, Jacaranda Press, Australia, 1983, p. 320.

3
Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade,
Australia's Relations with Indonesia
, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1993, p. 96.

4
Interview with the author, Washington, November 1993, for
Death of a Nation: The Timor Conspiracy
. In March 1994, Dr George Aditjondro, a leading Indonesian academic with twenty years' research on East Timor, said in an interview that the figure of 200,000 deaths was a ‘moderate' estimate. On April 14 1994, the
Sydney Morning Herald
published an admission by Abilio Soares, the Jakarta installed ‘governor' of East Timor. ‘I think it is true', he said. ‘Maybe around 200,000 people have died in East Timor since 1975.'