Down with Big Brother (80 page)

176.
Chernyayev, p. 135.

177.
Gorbachev,
Zhizn’ i Reformi
, vol. 1, p. 374.

178.
Yeltsin,
Against the Grain
, pp. 153–54 Gorbachev maintains that Yeltsin’s condition was stable.

179.
Moskovskaya Pravda
, November 13, 1987.

180.
Boris Yeltsin,
Ispoved’ na Zadannuyu Temu
, p. 178. This crucial quote was inexplicably dropped from the English version,
Against the Grain
. Gorbachev says this conversation took place before the Moscow party plenum.

181.
Ligachev, pp. 83 and 264.

182.
Ibid., pp. 256–60.

183.
Interview, April 1993.

184.
Interview, June 1993.

185.
Interview with
Komsomolskaya Pravda
, June 5, 1990. For additional details on Yakovlev’s family background, see profile by Bill Keller,
NYT Magazine
, February 19, 1989.

186.
Speech marking hundredth anniversary of Khrushchev’s birth,
Moscow Times
, April 16, 1994.

187.
Interview, June 1993.

188.
Ibid.

189.
Ligachev, p. 105.

190.
Chernyayev, p. 204.

191.
BBC,
The Second Russian Revolution
, Part II; BBC/Lapping interviews with Laptev, Starkov, and Belyayev. See also Roxburgh, pp. 83–87. For Ligachev’s self-serving account of the incident, see pp. 298–307.

192.
Pravda
, March 19, 1988.

193.
Chernyayev, pp. 204–05.

194.
Dobrynin, p. 737.

195.
This account is reconstructed from Chernyayev and the Politburo transcript of the March 25 debate, published in Mikhail Gorbachev,
Avant-Mémoires
, pp. 211–30. See also Vitaly Vorotnikov,
A Bylo Eto Tak
, pp. 198–203.

196.
Ligachev, pp. 304–08.

197.
Chernyayev, pp. 208–12.

198.
Interview with
WP
, May 18, 1988.

199.
Gorbachev,
Avant-Mémoires
, p. 215.

200.
Boldin, p. 169.

201.
Chernyayev, p. 204. See also Vorotnikov, p. 234.

202.
See, for example, Gorbachev press conference in Paris, October 6, 1985.

203.
Interview with Niklus, October 1988.

204.
Dobbs, “Gorbachev Plan Wins Support in Estonia,”
WP
, October 17, 1988, p. A1.

205.
Ligachev, pp. 137–40. Interview with Yakovlev, June 1993.

206.
Chernyayev, p. 250.

207.
FBIS-SOV-99-236, December 8, 1988, pp. 11–19.

208.
Chernyayev, p. 267.

209.
Ryzkhov, p. 179; Chernyayev, p. 267.

210.
WP
, December 12, 1988, p. A1.

211.
Politburo meeting, February 29, 1988, TsKhSD.

III:
REVOLT OF THE NATIONS

1.
Chernyayev interview, July 1991.

2.
Interviews with author, Termez, February 6, 1989.

3.
Abdur Rahman, quoted in
Afghanistan, the Great Game
, p. 3.

4.
Quoted in
WP
, February 13, 1989, p. A1.

5.
Gromov, pp. 327–28.

6.
Ibid., p. 311.

7.
Ibid., p. 258.

8.
Ibid., pp. 312, 342.

9.
Ibid., p. 341.

10.
Ibid., p. 347.

11.
Dobbs, “Soviet Voters’ Revolt Carries Hidden Dangers for Gorbachev,”
WP
, March 29, 1989, p. A18.

12.
Videotape of demonstration by Georgian filmmaker Eldar Shengalaya.

13.
Rodionov address to Congress, May 30, 1989 (FBIS-SOV-89-125-S), p. 8. For an outsider’s impressions of Rodionov, see Anatoly Sobchak,
Tbiliskii Izlom
, pp. 79–80, 108–10.

14.
Sobchak, pp. 134, 70–71. Defense Ministry instructions to Rodionov are reprinted on p. 211.

15.
For Rodionov’s version of the conversation, see Ibid., p. 130. For Patiashvili’s, see FBIS-SOV-89-125-S, p. 13.

16.
Sobchak, p. 132.

17.
This account is reconstructed from videotape of the demonstration and Sobchak, pp. 138–44.

18.
In addition to Sobchak commission investigation, the report prepared by Physicians for Human Rights, “Bloody Sunday—Trauma in Tbilisi,” February 1990, was very helpful.

19.
KGB transcript, Sobchak, p. 66.

20.
WP
, May 18, 1989, p. A38.

21.
See Dobbs, “Gorbachev, Deng to Meet on Rough Roads to Reform,”
WP
, May 14, 1989, p. A1.

22.
“Tale of Two Reformers,”
Moscow’ Times
, April 16, 1994, p. 8.

23.
Patrick Tyler, “Deng’s Daughter Opens a Long-Shut Door,”
NYT
, January 13, 1995, p. A1.

24.
Orville Schell,
Mandate of Heaven
, p. 137.

25.
Harrison Salisbury,
Tiananmen Diary
, p. 161.

26.
NYT
, January 13, 1995, p. A1.

27.
Testimony quoted in Yi Mu and Mark Thompson,
Crisis at Tiananmen
, p. 268.

28.
Salisbury, p. 56.

29.
Custine, p. 346 ff. This translation taken from
Journey for Our Time
, George Prior, 1980, pp. 154–56.

30.
Speech by Leonid Sukhov, FBIS-SOV-89-112-S, p. 25.

31.
Speech by Yuri Vlasov, FBIS-SOV-89-127-S, p. 34.

32.
Speech by Yuri Karyakin, FBIS-SOV-89-142-S, p. 10.

33.
FBIS-SOV-89-125-S, pp. 5–14.

34.
Speech by Alexei Yablokov, FBIS-SOV-89-159-S, pp. 23–27.

35.
Speech by Yuri Chernichenko, FBIS-SOV-89-134-S, pp. 18–20.

36.
Boldin, p. 224.

37.
Andrei Sakharov,
Moscow and Beyond, 1986–1989
, pp. 131–32.

38.
Yakovlev interview, July 1993.

39.
FBIS-SOV-89-142-S, p. 3. See also Anatoly Sobchak,
For a New Russia
, pp. 31–33, and Sakharov,
Moscow and Beyond
, pp. 133–35.

40.
Sobchak,
For a New Russia
, p. 32.

41.
Vorotnikov, pp. 239, 260–61.

42.
Boldin, pp. 226–28.

43.
Interview with Andrei Grachev, December 1989.

44.
WP
, June 7, 1989, p. A17.

45.
Wałęsa,
The Struggle and the Triumph
, pp. 167 and 174.

46.
WP
, June 5, 1989, p. A1; “The Curtain Rises,”
LAT
, December 17, 1989, p. Q6.

47.
Interview, July 1993.

48.
Rakowski, p. 227.

49.
Ibid., p. 228. See also official transcript of meeting, published in
Kultura
(Paris), no. 3 (1993), pp. 41–51.

50.
“The Curtain Rises,”
LAT
, p. Q6.

51.
Yan Kasimov, “Holiday-making in Crimea,”
MN
, no. 34, 1992, p. 10.

52.
Title of editorial by Adam Michnik,
Gazeta Wyborcza
, July 4, 1989.

53.
WP
, July 7, 1989, p. A19.

54.
Gorbachev,
Zhizn’ i Reformi
, vol. 2, p. 355.

55.
WP
, October 27, 1989, p. A22.

56.
Interview, August 1993.

57.
Interview, April 1993.

58.
Chernyayev, pp. 294–95.

59.
Ibid., p. 295.

60.
Rakowski, p. 254.

61.
Interview with Georgi Shakhnazarov, Gorbachev adviser, July 1993.

62.
Rakowski, pp. 244–45.

63.
Blaine Harden, “Refugees Force a Fateful Choice,”
WP
, January 14, 1990, p. A35.

64.
Peter Wyden,
Wall
, p. 23.

65.
Information from Checkpoint Charlie Museum.

66.
Reuters dispatch from Berlin, August 18, 1995.

67.
Wyden, p. 681.

68.
Interview with Wałęsa adviser Bronisław Geremek, who was present at the conversation, July 1993.

69.
BBC/Lapping,
Fall of the Wall
, Part II.

70.
Reconstruction of events leading to fall of the wall by
Der Spiegel
, October 8, 1990. See also Elizabeth Pond,
Beyond the Wall
, pp. 1–3, 130–34.

71.
Peter Ross Range,
When Walls Come Tumbling Down
.

72.
BBC/Lapping,
Fall of the Wall
.

73.
Time
magazine, European edition (November 20, 1989), p. 15.

74.
November 10, 1989. Complete text reprinted in Harold James and Marla Stone, eds.,
When the Wall Came Down
, pp. 46–49.

75.
Eyewitness account of former Soviet diplomat Igor Maksimichev,
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, November 10–11, 1993.

76.
Der Spiegel
41 (1990), pp. 104–09.

77.
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, November 10, 1993.

78.
Gorbachev,
Zhizn’ i Reformi
, vol. 2, p. 412.

79.
Der Spiegel
40 (1995), pp. 66–81.

80.
Boldin, p. 143.

81.
Kochemasov interview,
MN
, November 29, 1992, p. 12.

82.
Chernyayev, p. 304.

83.
East German Communist Party archives. Quoted in Hannes Adomeit,
Post-Soviet Affairs
(July-September 1994), p. 215.

84.
Kochemasov,
op. cit
.

85.
BBC/Lapping interview with presidential adviser Yuri Osipyan.

86.
BBC/Lapping interview.

87.
Kochemasov,
op cit
. See also Yakovčev.

88.
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
, November 10, 1993.

89.
Ibid.

90.
“Dubĉek Returns; Prague Spring Reformer Cheered in Wenceslas Square,”
WP
, November 25, 1989, p. A1.

91.
Gorbachev,
Zhizn’ i Reformi
, vol. 2, p. 353.

92.
Interview, August 1988.

93.
See Alexander Dubĉek,
Hope Dies Last
, pp. 8–73 passim.

94.
Interview, August 1988. See Dobbs, “The Czech’s Long Dissent; Playwright Vaclav Havel, 20 years after the Soviet Invasion,”
WP
, August 22, 1988, p. C1.