Einstein's Genius Club (32 page)

66.
Autobiography,
334.

67.
Moorehead, 238.

68.
Aldous Huxley,
Crome Yellow
(New York: Bantam, 1968), 14.

69.
Einstein,
Ideas and Opinions
, 82.

70.
Ibid., 83.

71.
Denis Brian,
The Unexpected Einstein: The Real Man Behind the Icon
(Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005), 24.

72.
Russell,
Autobiography,
216–17.

73.
Ibid., 9.

74.
Einstein,
Ideas and Opinions,
320.

75.
Rupert Crawshay-Williams,
Russell Remembered
(London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 18.

76.
Autobiography,
17.

77.
Moorehead, 19.

78.
Autobiography,
29, 41.

79.
Bertrand Russell, “My Mental Development,” in
The Philosphy of Bertrand Russell,
ed. Paul A. Schilpp, 3rd ed. (New York: Tudor Publishing, 1951), 41.

80.
His grandmother urged Russell to try “detaching your mind from the one subject [Alys] and bidding it range over others….”
The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell: Volume 1, The Private Years, 1884–1914,
ed. Nicholas Griffin (London: Penguin, 1992), 528. Lady Russell was exceedingly shrewd and manipulative, though subject to delusions.

81.
Ray Monk,
Bertrand Russell: The Spirit of Solitude
(New York: Free Press, 1996), 196.

82.
Autobiography,
303.

83.
Michael Foot, introduction to
Autobiography,
x.

84.
Monk,
Spirit,
256.

85.
Ibid., 257.

86.
Autobiography,
82.

87.
Ibid., 256.

88.
Ibid.

89.
Monk's highly critical two-volume biography of Russell elicited angry retorts. Michael Foot called it an “assault on Bertrand Russell's reputation” full of “malevolence.” (Introduction,
Autobiography,
ix–x.)

90.
Crawshay-Williams, 157.

91.
Monk,
Spirit,
135.

92.
Caroline Moorehead,
Bertrand Russell: A Life
(New York: Viking, 1992), 172.

93.
Monk,
Spirit,
297, 300.

94.
Ibid., 175.

95.
Monk,
Spirit,
295.

96.
Autobiography,
329.

97.
Ibid., 246.

98.
Ottoline Morrell,
Memoirs: A Study in Friendship 1873–1915,
ed. Robert Gathome-Hardy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1964), 276.

99.
Autobiography,
243, 245.

100.
Ibid., 245.

101.
Ibid., 244.

102.
Ray Monk,
Bertrand Russell: The Ghost of Madness, 1921–1970
(New York: The Free Press, 2000), 95.

103.
Moorehead, 446.

104.
The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell: The Public Years, 1914–1970,
vol. 2, ed. Nicholas Griffin (New York: Routledge, 2001), 353.

105.
Monk,
Spirit,
142.

106.
Ibid., 147.

107.
Ibid., 183.

108.
Autobiography,
167–68.

109.
Ibid., 210.

110.
Roger Kimball, “Love, Logic & Unbearable Pity: The Private Bertrand Russell,”
New Criterion Online,
http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/11/sept92/brussell.htm
.

111.
Russell included an addendum on Gödel's essay when the collection was reprinted in 1965.

112.
Russell,
Autobiography,
238.

113.
Monk,
Spirit,
126.

114.
Ibid., 382.

115.
Moorehead, 213.

116.
Russell,
Autobiography,
277.

117.
Moorehead, 243.

118.
A scheme by which some thirty-four objectors were to be sent to the front, where their refusal to take up arms would be deemed “desertion,” punishable by death, was finally averted through the efforts of Russell and his colleagues. See Alan Ryan,
Bertrand Russell: A Political Life
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Hill and Wang, 1988), 56.

119.
Monk,
Spirit,
457.

120.
Ibid., 459.

121.
Ibid., 456.

122.
Moorehead, 213.

123.
Ibid., 254.

124.
Monk,
Spirit,
466.

125.
Ibid., 474.

126.
Ibid., 471.

127.
Ibid., 521–23.

128.
Autobiography,
258.

129.
Monk,
Spirit,
532–34.

130.
Ibid., 466.

131.
Autobiography,
9, 727–28.

132.
Frank McLynn, “The Ghost in the Machine: Review of
The Spirit of Solitude,
”
New Statesman & Society,
April 19, 1996, 9 (399) 36.

133.
Stuart Hampshire,
Modern Writers and Other Essays
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Borzoi Books, 1970), 115; Michael Foot's introduction to Russell's
Autobiography,
ix.

134.
Alan Wood, “Russell's Philosophy: A Study of Its Development,” in
Bertrand Russell: Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers,
vol. 1, ed. Andrew Irvine (London: Routledge, 1999), 86.

135.
Russell, Preface to
Human Knowledge
(London: Routledge, 2003), 5.

136.
Moorehead, 432.

137.
Collected Papers,
vol. 11, 114.

138.
Ray Monk, “Cambridge Philosophers: Russell,”
Royal Institute of Philosophy,
online
http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/articles/article.php?id=3
. Accessed April 6, 2007.

139.
“Russell, Experience, and the Roots of Science,” in
The Cambridge Companion to Bertrand Russell,
ed. Nicholas Griffin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 449–50.

140.
John W. Dawson,
Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Gödel
(Wellesley, MA: A. K. Peters, 1997), 204n.

141.
See Dawson, 188. Gödel is quoted as saying
furchtbar herzig.
“Terribly cute” is Burton Feldman's translation.

142.
Hao Wang,
Reflections on Kurt Gödel
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995), 31.

143.
Albert Einstein: Historical and Cultural Perspectives, The Centennial Symposium in Jerusalem,
ed. Gerald Holton and Yehuda Elkana (Mineola, NY: Dover, 1982), 422.

144.
Palle Yourgrau,
A World without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel and Einstein
(New York: Basic Books, 2005), 4.

145. Stanislaw Ulam,
Adventures of a Mathematician
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 76.

146.
Dawson, 111, 234.

147.
Ibid., 31.

148.
Ibid., 34, 187.

149.
Ibid., 130.

150.
Ibid., 153, 187.

151.
Ibid., 158.

152.
Wang, 6.

153.
Dawson, 140–41.

154.
Ibid., 142.

155.
Ibid., 142.

156.
Ibid., 91.

157.
Ibid., 135.

158.
Ibid., 262.

159.
Ibid., 251.

160.
Ibid., 201.

161.
Ibid., 98. See also Dawson's notion of the “paradox of paranoia,” 265–66.

162.
Wang, 214, quoting a letter from Gödel to his mother dated July 23, 1961.

163.
Yourgrau's previous works on Gödel and Einstein were written for specialists, not, as he notes in
A World Without Time,
for “normal readers” (p. vii).

164.
The distant ancestor of Gödel's effort here is perhaps Socrates, whose insistence that he did not know was an astonishingly fertile innovation, for it results in a dialectic (recursive) movement which sees any claim to know as the basis for a new test of itself. Although Gödel claimed to be a Platonist, at least a mathematical one, his work suggests the “incompletability” of thought that Socrates taught by his use of irony and myth.

165.
“Ich war so dumm wenn [als] ich jung war!” Quoted in and translated by Charles Enz,
No Time to Be Brief
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 117. Enz is the preeminent authority on Pauli's life, and this section is greatly indebted to his work. The discovery of electron spin in 1925 is told, delightfully, from another point of view in Samuel Goudsmit's 1971 lecture found at
http://www.ilorentz.org/history/spin/goudsmit.html
.
The codiscoverers were S. A. Goudsmit and G. E. Uhlen-beck.

166.
Ibid., 491–92.

167.
Werner Heisenberg, IAEA Bulletin Special Supplement (1968), 45, quoted in Karl von Meyenn and Engelbert Schucking, “Wolfgang Pauli,”
Physics Today
(February 2001)
http://www.physicstoday.org/
(accessed April 6, 2007).

168.
Pauli Archive, CERN,
http://documents.cern.ch//archive/electronic/other/pauli_vol1//born_0027.pdf
, trans. Burton Feldman. Also quoted and translated in Enz, 394.

169.
Enz points out that Sigmund Freud spent years as a medical doctor at a Viennese hospital before, in 1902, he was able to network and publish his way into a professorship at the University of Vienna (Enz, 8).

170.
Ibid., 4.

171.
Bertrand Russell,
An Outline of Philosophy
(London: Routledge, 1993), 235.

172.
von Meyenn, 2001.

173.
Enz, 49.

174.
K. V. Laurikainen,
Beyond the Atom: The Philosophical Thought of Wolfgang Pauli
(Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988), 4.

175.
Richard Courant, quoted in Enz, 87.

176.
Ibid., 88.

177.
Silvan Schweber, review of Jagdish Mehra and Helmut Rechenberg,
The Historical Development of Quantum Theory, Volume 6: The Completion of Quantum Mechanics, 1926–1941,
in
Physics Today
(November 2001),
http://www.physicists.org/
.

178.
Enz, 92.

179.
Ibid., 107.

180.
Enz recounts in great detail the “curious history of spin.” In later years, a battle of words erupted between Pauli and Goudsmit over whether a note published by Pauli in 1924 should have been credited to Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck. In the note, Enz argues, Pauli suggests the idea of
nuclear
spin. See Enz, especially 116–19.

181.
Werner Heisenberg,
Physics and Beyond
(New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 61.

182.
Enz, 129.

183.
Karl von Meyenn and Engelbert Schucking allude to rumors that Pauli's letters “were taken from Heisenberg when he was arrested by the British in 1945” and thus may have survived the war. See von Meyenn.

184.
Enz, 215.

185.
Mike Perricone, “How to Make a Neutrino Beam,”
Fermi News,
November 19, 1999, 22 (22) 1. Available online at
http://www.fnal.gov/pub/ferminews/Ferminews99-11-19.pdf
.

186.
Enz, 195.

187.
See Joan Chodorow, “Inner-Directed Movement in Analysis: Early Beginnings,”
Inside Pages: The Jung Society of Seattle,
Spring 2005, 15.

188.
Enz, 210.

189.
Ibid., 224.

190.
Ibid., 243.

191.
Pauli was not Jung's only inspiration from the world of physics. Jung and Einstein met during the latter's stay in Zurich from 1909–13. In a letter, Jung recalled, “it was he [Einstein] who first started me off thinking about a possible relativity of time as well as space, and their psychic conditionality. More than thirty years later, this stimulus led to my relation with the physicist Professor W. Pauli and to my thesis of psychic synchronicity.” Quoted in Charles R. Card, “The Emergence of Archetypes in Present-Day Science and Its Significance for a Contemporary Philosophy of Nature,”
Dynamical Psychology,
1996, available online:
http://www.goertzel.org/dynapsyc/index.htm#1996
.

192.
From Enz's conversation with Franca Pauli in 1971. See Enz, 286.

193.
Pais, 347.

1.
Brian Greene paraphrases Ernst Rutherford's admonition “if you can't explain a result in simple, nontechnical terms, then you don't really understand it.” Not that it isn't true, Greene hastens to add (he is writing in most laudatory terms of string theory). A theory's truth and our true understanding
of it are separate things.
The Elegant Universe
(New York: Vintage, 2005), 203.

2.
Albert Einstein,
Sidelights on Relativity,
trans. G. B. Jeffrey and W. Perrett (Mineola, NY: Dover, 1983), 15.

3.
“The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences,” in
Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics,
vol. 13, no. 1 (February 1960), 7.

4.
Albrecht Fölsing,
Albert Einstein,
trans. Ewald Osers (New York: Penguin, 1997), 390.

5.
Ray Monk,
Bertrand Russell: The Ghost of Madness, 1921–1970
(New York: Free Press, 2001), 269.

6.
Quoted in Torkel Franzen,
Gödel's Theorem: An Incomplete Guide to Its Use and Abuse
(Wellesley, MA: A. K. Peters, 2005), 112–13.