2.
Fowles
, EUL MS 102/1/8, fol 212, 8 Apr 1955; Callum Brown,
The Death of Christian Britain
(2001), p 7; Ferdynand Zweig,
The British Worker
(1952), pp 235–9; B. Seebohm Rowntree and G. R. Lavers,
English Life and Leisure
(1951), pp 326–7; Richard Hoggart,
The Uses of Literacy
(Pelican edn, 1958), p 279.
3. Geoffrey Gorer,
Exploring English Character
(1955), pp 241–2; T. Cauter and J. S. Downham,
The Communication of Ideas
(1954), p 52; BBC WA, R9/9/19–LR/55/192, Feb 1955, ‘Religious Broadcasts and the Public’; A. M. Carr-Saunders et al,
A Survey of Social Conditions in England and Wales
(Oxford, 1958), p 260; George H. Gallup (ed),
The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: Great Britain 1937–1975, Volume One
(New York, 1976), pp 403–4.
4. Brown,
Death
, p 6; Grace Davie,
Religion in Britain since 1945
(Oxford, 1994), p 82; Hoggart,
Uses
, pp 114–15.
5. Rowntree and Lavers,
English Life
, pp 14, 33, 38, 50–51, 55, 67, 355; Gorer,
Exploring
, pp 243–4, 253, 257;
Tablet
, 18 Dec 1999; Gallup (ed),
Gallup
, p 405; Zweig,
British Worker
, pp 236–7; Hoggart,
Uses
, pp 117–19.
6. Gorer,
Exploring
, pp 237–8, 246–7; Cater and Downham,
Communication
, pp 54–5; Hoggart,
Uses
, p 118;
Times Literary Supplement
, 8 Aug 2008 (Bill Knox); Carr-Saunders
, Survey
, p 261; Spencer Leigh, ‘Don Cornell’,
Independent
, 1 Mar 2004.
7. Hunter Davies, ‘The Church Has Scored an Own Goal’,
Independent
, 6 Jul 1998; Lady Henrietta Rous (ed),
The Ossie Clark Diaries
(1998), p xlviii; Anton Rippon,
A Derby Boy
(Stroud, 2007), p 76; Ian Jack, ‘Things That Have Interested Me’,
Guardian
, 11 Mar 2006; John Parker,
Father of the House
(1982), pp 119–20; Clive D. Field, ‘“The Secularized Sabbath” Revisited: Opinion Polls as Sources for Sunday Observance in Contemporary Britain’,
Contemporary British History
(Spring 2001), p 6.
8.
Daily Mirror
, 5 Sep 1955; Andrew Holden,
Makers and Manners
(2004), p 64;
Picture Post
, 3 Dec 1955.
9. David Kynaston,
The City of London, Volume IV
(2001), p 140;
Sunday Pictorial
, 29 Aug 1954; Crossman, MS 154/8/16, 1 Nov 1954.
10. Amis, p 422; Joseph McAleer,
Passion’s Fortune
(Oxford, 1999), pp 241–3; Robert Hewison,
In Anger
(Methuen edn, 1988), p 177; Robin Day,
Grand Inquisitor
(1989), p 64; David Hendy, ‘BBC Radio Four and Conflicts over Spoken English in the 1970s’,
Media History
(Dec 2006), p 275; Peter O’Sullevan,
Calling the Horses
(1989), p 144;
Fowles
, p 369.
11. Alan Titchmarsh,
Nobbut a Lad
(2006), p 4; Barry Unsworth, ‘Stockton and Naples’,
Northern Review
(Autumn 1999), p 113; David Lascelles,
Other People’s Money
(2005), p 9; Kynaston,
City
, p 140; Derek Robinson, ‘It Was Different Then!’, in James Belsey et al,
Muddling Through
(Bristol, 1988), p 13; Frank Mort,
Cultures of Consumption
(1996), p 138; Brian Thompson,
Clever Girl
(2007), p 30; Mort,
Cultures
, p 140; Steve Humphries and John Taylor,
The Making of Modern London, 1945–1985
(1986), pp 32–3.
12. Nirad C. Chaudhuri,
A Passage to England
(Hogarth Press edn, 1989), pp 82–6; Anthony Thwaite (ed),
Selected Letters of Philip Larkin, 1940–1955
(1992), p 207;
Daily Mirror
, 20 Aug 1955; Helen Carey, ‘Elizabeth Brunner’,
Independent
, 15 Jan 2003;
The Times
, 3 Sep 1954;
Sunday Express
, 18 Sep 1955.
13. Jacqueline Wilson,
Jacky Daydream
(Corgi Yearling edn, 2008), p 120; Ken Blakemore,
Sunnyside Down
(Stroud, 2005), pp 159–60;
Independent
, 29 Oct 1996; Rowntree and Lavers,
English Life
, chap 6; Christie Davies,
The Strange Death of Moral Britain
(New Brunswick, NJ, 2004), pp 27–8; Laurie Dennett,
A Sense of Security
(Cambridge, 1988), pp 322–3.
14. George Tremlett,
The David Bowie Story
(1974), pp 15–16; Wilson,
Jacky
, p 95; Anthony Seldon,
Major
(1997), pp 12–13; Harry Thompson,
Peter Cook
(1997), pp 18–19;
BBC News Magazine
(online), May 2007, ‘Your 1950s: School life’; Rosalind Delmar, ‘Recording a Landscape: Growing Up in Dormanstown’, in Jim Fyrth (ed),
Labour’s Promised Land?
(1995), pp 311–12;
Oldie
(May 2000), pp 32–3 (Barber); Robinson, ‘Different’, p 9; Steve Humphries et al,
A Century of Childhood
(1988), p 113; Hunter Davies,
Strong Lad Wanted for Strong Lass
(Carlisle, 2004), p 34;
The Times
, 28 Mar 2000;
BBC News Magazine
, ‘Your 1950s’ (Ferguson).
15. Donald Simpson, ‘Progressivism and the Development of Primary Education: An Historical Review’,
History of Education Society Bulletin
(Autumn 1996), p 58; Ian Grosvenor and Martin Lawn, ‘Days out of School: Secondary Education, Citizenship and Public Space in 1950s England’,
History of Education
(July 2004), pp 385–8; Haines, 9 Sep 1954; John Wroughton,
Mr Colston’s Hospital
(Bristol, 2002), p 298;
Guardian
, 23 Jan 2003 (Libby Brooks);
Eastern Daily Press
, 25 Sep 1954; Rev. Oliver Willmott,
The Parish Notes of Loders, Dottery & Askerswell, Dorset: Volume I
(Shrewsbury, 1996), Feb 1955.
16. Elizabeth Nelson,
The British Counter-Culture, 1966–73
(Basingstoke, 1989), pp 14–15; Gerald Fairlie,
The Return of the Black Gang
(1954), p 21; John Springhall et al,
Sure & Stedfast
(1983), p 185; John Barron Mays,
Growing Up in the City
(Liverpool, 1954), p 183.
17. The Boy Scouts Association,
The Scout Song Book
(1952); Basil Henriques,
The Home-Menders
(1955), pp 147–8;
Observer
, 23 Oct 1955;
Picture Post
, 19 Nov 1955.
18. Mays,
Growing Up
, p 69; Pearl Jephcott,
Some Young People
(1954), pp 69–71; Raphael Samuel,
The Lost World of British Communism
(2006), p 12; Helen Reid, ‘Salad Days’, in James Belsey et al,
Muddling Through
(Bristol, 1988), pp 35–42.
19. Liz Stanley,
Sex Surveyed, 1949–1994
(1995), pp 155, 164; Sheridan Morley,
Dirk Bogarde
(1996), pp 65–6; Sue Harper and Vincent Porter, ‘Cinema Audience Tastes in 1950s Britain’,
Journal of Popular British Cinema
(1999), p 72; Mark Lewisohn,
Funny, Peculiar
(2002), p 236; Langford, 4 Apr 1954; Martin P. M. Richards and B. Jane Elliott, ‘Sex and Marriage in the 1960s and 1970s’ in David Clark (ed),
Marriage, Domestic Life and Social Change
(1991), pp 37–8; M-O A, Mass-Observation Bulletin, no 50: March 1954, pp 2–6; Paul Ferris,
Sir Huge
(1990), p 97.
20. Penelope Lively, ‘Sex Was a Dangerous Game in the Swinging Fifties’,
Sunday Times
, 3 Dec 2000; Richards and Elliott, ‘Sex and Marriage’, p 38; McAleer,
Passion’s Fortune
, p 209; Cate Haste,
Rules of Desire
(1992), pp 175–7;
Guardian
, 22 May 2004; Lively, ‘Sex’; Joan Bakewell,
The Centre of the Bed
(2003), p 109; Liz Hodgkinson, ‘The Decade of Discontent’,
The Times
, 12 Sep 1990; Philip Norman,
John Lennon
(2008), p 72; Robinson, ‘Different’, p 10.
21. Andy Medhurst,
A National Joke
(Abingdon, 2007), pp 87–9; Holden,
Makers
, pp 60–62; Medhurst,
National
, p 96; Henriques,
Home-Makers
, pp 128, 130; British Medical Association,
Homosexuality and Prostitution
(1955), p 31;
The Times
, 28 Nov 1997 (Valerie Elliott); Patrick Higgins,
Heterosexual Dictatorship
(1996), pp 40–45; Matt Houlbrook,
Queer London
(2005), pp 255–61. See also Frank Mort, ‘Mapping Sexual London: The Wolfenden Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution, 1954–57’,
New Formations
(Spring 1999), pp 108–11.
22. Andy Medhurst, ‘Every Wart and Pustule: Gilbert Harding and Television Stardom’, in John Corner (ed),
Popular Television in Britain
(1991), pp 67–8;
Times Literary Supplement
, 19 Nov 2004 (Frederic Raphael);
Evening Standard
, 24 Apr 2007; Angela Pleasence, ‘Hallam Tennyson’,
Guardian
, 6 Jan 2006; Stephen Moss, ‘Sounds and Silence’,
Guardian
, 19 Jun 2004 (Maxwell Davies); Alan Bennett,
Untold Stories
(2005), p 143;
The Times
, 12 Dec 2005 (Paul McCann).
23. Paula Bartley and Barbara Gwinnett, ‘Prostitution’, in Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska (ed),
Women in Twentieth-Century Britain
(Harlow, 2001), p 219; Jerry White,
London in the Twentieth Century
(Vintage edn, 2008), p 322; Holden,
Makers
, p 66; Paul Ferris,
Sex and the British
(1993), p 157; Stanley,
Sex
, pp 148, 150; C. H. Rolph (ed),
Women of the Streets
(1955), pp 87–91.
24. http://www.whirligig-tv.co.uk/radio/twff.htm; Denis Gifford, ‘Jean Metcalfe’,
Independent
, 31 Jan 2000; Blakemore,
Sunnyside
, p 133.
25. Cynthia L. White,
Women’s Magazines, 1693–1968
(1970), pp 139–40;
People’s Friend
, 1 Mar 1952; Richard M. Titmuss,
Essays on ‘The Welfare State’
(1958), p 99; David Coleman, ‘Population and Family’, in A. H. Halsey with Josephine Webb (eds),
Twentieth-Century British Social Trends
(Basingstoke, 2000), pp 58–9; Gorer,
Exploring
, p 155; Jephcott,
Some Young People
, p 66.
26. Rachel M. Pierce, ‘Marriage in the Fifties’,
Sociological Review
(July 1963), p 219; Robin Eggar,
Tom Jones
(2000), pp 34–6; Elizabeth Roberts
, Women and Families
(Oxford, 1995), p 74; Penny Somerfield, ‘Women in Britain since 1945: Companionate Marriage and the Double Burden’, in James Obelkevich and Peter Catterall (eds),
Understanding Post-war British Society
(1994), p 66; Claire Langhamer, ‘Adultery in Post-War England’,
History Workshop Journal
(Autumn 2006), p 94; Lewis Baston,
Reggie
(Stroud, 2004), pp 80–81; Noel Annan,
Our Age
(1990), p 175; Gorer,
Exploring
, p 147; Mary Abbott,
Family Affairs
(2003), p 111; Max Wall,
The Fool on the Hill
(1975), pp 168–9, 173; David Clark, ‘Guidance Counselling, Therapy: Responses to “Marital Problems”, 1950–90’,
Sociological Review
(Nov 1991), pp 772–3; Humphries,
Century
, p 58.
27. Stanley,
Sex
, p 134; Langhamer, ‘Adultery’, p 99; Stanley,
Sex
, p 132; Langhamer, ‘Adultery’, p 102; Gorer,
Exploring
, pp 154, 149; Raynham, 10 Dec 1954; Langhamer, ‘Adultery’, p 104.
28. Eustace Chesser,
The Sexual, Marital and Family Relationships of the English Woman
(1956), pp 311–16; Gorer,
Exploring
, pp 96–7; Chesser,
Sexual
, p 377; Gorer,
Exploring
, pp 98–9; Richards and Elliott, ‘Sex and Marriage’, p 40; Natalie Higgins, ‘The Changing Expectations and Realities of Marriage in the English Working Class, 1920–1960’, University of Cambridge PhD, 2002, p 110.
29. Holden,
Makers
, p 43; Lulie A. Shaw, ‘Impressions of Family Life in a London Suburb’,
Sociological Review
(Dec 1954), p 181; Chesser,
Sexual
, p 455; Gallup (ed.),
Gallup
, p 409; Elizabeth Wilson,
Only Halfway to Paradise
(1980), p 96; Holden,
Makers
, p 44; Kate Fisher,
Birth Control, Sex and Marriage in Britain, 1918–1960
(Oxford, 2006), chap 1; Higgins, ‘Changing’, p 223; Phyllis Willmott,
Joys and Sorrows
(1995), p 138.
30. Lively, ‘Sex’; Joanna Bourke,
Working-Class Cultures in Britain, 1890–1960
(1994), p 57; Barbara Brookes,
Abortion in England, 1900–1967
(Beckenham, 1988), pp 133, 148, 144; Jennifer Worth, ‘A Deadly Trade’,
Guardian
, 6 Jan 2005.
31. Bourke,
Working-Class Cultures
, p 31;
Picture Post
, 25 Sep 1954; Gillian Clark, ‘The Role of Mother and Baby Homes in the Adoption of Children Born Outside Marriage in Twentieth-Century England and Wales’,
Family & Community History
(May 2008), p 55;
Quarterly Review of the Church of England Moral Welfare Council
(Oct 1950), p 27; Clark, ‘Role’, pp 46–7; Tanya Evans, ‘The Other Woman and Her Child: Extra-marital Affairs and Illegitimacy in 20th Century England’, Institute of Historical Research, 20 Feb 2008; Clark, ‘Role’, pp 57, 45;
Daily Mirror
, 26 Oct 1953, 29–31 Oct 1953.
32.
Woman’s Own
, 20 Oct 1955; White,
Women’s Magazines
, p 147; Marjorie Ferguson,
Forever Feminine
(1983), p 60; ‘Barbara Goalen’,
Daily Telegraph
, 19 Jun 2002; Veronica Horwell, ‘Margot Smyly’,
Guardian
, 11 Jun 2005; Barbara Pym Papers (Bodleian Library, Oxford), MS Pym 47, fol 10, c. Dec 1955.
33. Summerfield, ‘Women’, pp 58–9; Christine Geraghty,
British Cinema in the Fifties
(2000), pp 160–67;
Woman’s Own
, 6 Oct 1955; Wilson,
Only Halfway
, p 93;
Woman’s Own
, 1 Sep 1955; Christina Hardyment,
Slice of Life
(1995), p 37; Maggie Andrews,
The Acceptable Face of Feminism
(1997), chap 8;
Bolton Evening News
, 30 Apr 1953.