Read Five Billion Years of Solitude Online
Authors: Lee Billings
humanity’s ascent,
144
–46
intelligent,
20
–21,
182
–83
jump from single-celled to multicellular,
28
redox reactions and,
168
Earth-like planets,
29
,
32
–34,
71
–72,
99
,
227
–28
Earth-size or Earth-mass planets,
6
,
53
–54,
56
,
200
,
227
,
251
ecology and economics,
74
economic growth,
102
,
103
Eddington, Arthur,
35
Edison, Thomas,
106
Einstein, Albert,
35
,
87
Elachi, Charles,
211
–12,
214
,
221
electricity,
103
,
136
Emerson, Ralph Waldo,
254
Endeavour,
190
endosymbiosis,
143
energy,
103
–4,
136
–38
from fossil fuels,
103
,
124
–27,
137
,
154
,
160
,
184
Engelder, Terry,
126
Epicurus,
80
Epsilon Eridani,
10
–11
Eshleman, Von,
35
ethanol,
137
eukaryotes,
143
,
144
European Southern Observatory (ESO),
60
,
64
,
66
European Space Agency,
222
evolution,
183
convergent,
21
of universe,
88
–89
exoplanetology,
13
,
14
,
34
,
51
,
193
exoplanets,
5
,
27
–28,
87
,
222
–23,
263
51 Pegasi b,
50
,
53
,
54
,
58
–59
Alpha Centauri Bb,
98
–99
biosignatures and,
167
–72,
261
–62
Blue Marble images of,
212
–15
distinguishing between various compositions of,
251
Earth-like,
29
,
32
–34,
71
–72,
99
,
227
–28
Earth-size or Earth-mass,
6
,
53
–54,
56
,
200
,
227
,
251
formation of,
109
GJ 667Cc,
65
–69,
72
Gliese 581c,
163
Gliese 581d,
163
Gliese 581g (Zarmina’s World),
63
–64,
68
,
69
,
72
,
163
Gliese 876b,
60
habitability of,
154
–83
HD 85512b,
163
–64
Jupiter-like,
13
,
28
,
50
,
56
,
59
,
60
,
108
,
109
,
226
,
228
,
248
–49
Laughlin’s valuation of,
71
–77
migration theory and,
108
Neptune-like,
56
,
108
–9,
251
“Next 40 Years” conference on,
225
–35,
263
observation of stars of,
33
snow line idea and,
110
super-Earths,
228
–29,
251
,
262
transits of,
53
TrES-4,
228
exoplanet searches,
5
–7,
13
–14,
32
–33,
69
–70
and false-alarm discoveries,
52
–53
press releases on progress in,
163
–65
SETI and,
see
SETI
spectroscopy in,
see
spectroscopy, spectrometers
see also
telescopes
Ferguson, Chris,
185
–86
financial markets,
111
–12
Fischer, Debra,
59
,
61
,
62
,
69
,
96
Ford, Eric,
249
–50
Ford, Henry,
125
fossil fuels,
103
,
124
–27,
137
,
154
,
160
,
184
fracking (hydraulic fracturing),
126
–27
Gaia hypothesis,
175
,
176
,
178
,
183
galactic planetary census,
54
galaxies,
87
,
88
,
99
,
238
Andromeda,
31
,
191
,
238
Hubble Telescope and,
191
Local Group of,
88
Milky Way,
see
Milky Way
Galileo,
241
–42
Galileo Galilei,
81
–83,
210
Galliher, Scot,
257
Garrels, Robert,
178
gas, natural,
125
–27,
137
,
184
Gemini telescopes,
199
–200,
203
General Dynamics Astronautics time capsule,
100
–103
geologic time periods,
128
–45
geology,
110
–11,
123
glaciers,
132
–34,
142
,
174
,
176
,
178
,
179
,
183
Glenn, John,
100
Goldin, Dan,
194
,
211
,
215
,
242
governments, Urey on,
102
gravitational lenses,
35
–37
Great Observatories,
192
,
197
,
209
Greece, ancient,
77
,
92
,
238
Green Bank conference,
15
–25,
27
–28,
101
,
167
–68,
240
greenhouse gases,
124
,
134
,
137
,
157
,
160
,
174
,
175
carbon dioxide,
see
carbon dioxide
methane,
140
,
142
,
168
–71,
174
,
200
Grunsfeld, John,
197
–99,
225
–26,
235
Guedes, Javiera,
96
Gund Institute for Ecological Economics,
74
–75