Authors: Betty DeRamus
Washington, Linn, Jr. “The Chronicle of an American First Family.”
Philadelphia Enquirer Magazine,
October 11, 1987.
White, White & Taulane, Philadelphia law firm. Letter to Mrs. William Still, July
15, 1902, expressing condolences on the death of William Still.
“Wm Still to B. McKiernon, Philadelphia, Aug 16th, 1851.”
Journal of Negro History,
Vol. XI, 1926.
The Women’s Project of New Jersey, Inc.
Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women.
Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1990.
The WPA Guide to Kentucky.
Compiled and written by the Federal Writers’ Project of the Works Projects Administration
for the State of Kentucky. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, orig. pub.
1939, Harcourt, Brace and Company, under the title
Kentucky: A Guide to the Bluegrass State;
reprinted 1996, The University Press of Kentucky.
The WPA Guide to 1930s New Jersey.
Compiled and written by the Federal Writers’ Project of the Works Progress Administration
for the State of New Jersey. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press; orig. pub. 1939,
Viking Press.
African Americans, Voices of Triumph: Perseverance.
By the editors of Time-Life Books. Alexandria, Va.: Time-
Life Books, 1993, p. 98. This describes the mass westward movement of blacks to Kansas
in 1879.
Barfknecht, Gary W.
The Michigan Book of Bests.
Davison, Mich.: Friede Publications, 1999.
Bennett, Lerone, Jr. “10 Biggest Lies about Black History.”
Ebony,
May 2001, www.findarticles.com. One of the myths Bennett dispels is that nineteenth-century
blacks lacked the ability to run businesses, including barbershops.
Blacks in Detroit.
Detroit: Detroit Free Press, December 1980. A reprint of articles from
The Detroit Free Press.
Coggan, Blanche. “The Underground Railroad…and Black–White Cooperation.”
Michigan Challenge,
official publication of Michigan State Chamber of Commerce, Vol. III, No. 9 (June
1968), p. 52. Story of the Bongas.
Crittendon, Denise. “The Secret Corridors of Black History.”
African American Parent Magazine,
February/March 2000.
DeRamus, Betty. “Adrian House Opened a Window to Freedom.”
The Detroit News,
Tuesday, February 1, 2000.
———. “Black Pioneers Tackle Northern Wilderness.”
The Detroit News,
Tuesday, February 15, 2000.
———. “History, Humanity, Horror and Happiness All Flow Along the Region’s Watery Lifeline.”
The Detroit News,
February 6, 2003.
———. “Slaves Met Tricksters, Spies on Freedom’s Trail.”
The Detroit News,
Tuesday, February 8, 2000.
———. “A Testament to Freedom.”
The Detroit News,
Thursday, October 18, 2001.
———. “Younger People Keep Spirit of Black Combat Pilots Alive.”
The Detroit News,
November 8, 2000.
Detroit Tribune and Advertiser,
February 23, 1875, obituary for George DeBaptiste.
1860 Federal Census records for a study of the Underground Railroad in Michigan’s
Upper Peninsula.
1880 Federal Census records for black residents of Marquette, Michigan.
1860 Marquette County census data base with blacks and mulattos listed.
Gaines, Cherie A. Letter to the Marquette Historical Society, Marquette, Michigan,
November 3, 1998, concerning her family’s legacy.
“Gaines Rock.”
Harlow’s Wooden Man,
Vol. 31, No. 2 (Spring 1995). Published by the Marquette County Michigan Historical
Society, Inc.
Grove, Noel. “The Two Worlds of Michigan.”
National Geographic,
Vol. 155, No. 6 (June 1979).
Gutsche, Andrea, and Cindy Bisaillon.
Mysterious Islands: Forgotten Tales of the Great Lakes.
Toronto: Lynx Images, Inc., 1999.
Hobart, Henry.
Copper Country Journal: The Diary of Schoolmaster Henry Hobart, 1863–1864.
Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1991.
LaBrew, Arthur.
The Afro-American Music Legacy in Michigan: A Sesquicentennial Tribute.
Detroit: Michigan Music Research Center, Inc., 1987.
Magnaghi, Russell, director of Northern Michigan University’s Center for Upper Peninsula
Studies. Email, January 17, 2000, about early black settlers.
———. Email, February 7, 2000, about racism in the Upper Peninsula.
———. Email, February 1, 2000, about Munising.
———. Unpublished paper on blacks in the Upper Peninsula, a study of federal census
data for 15 counties.
———. “African Americans in the History of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.” Draft
of an unpublished study, p. 15. Information on Joseph L. Smith.
———. Ibid., pp. 2–8. Information about slavery under the French and British and about
the Bonga family.
Magnaghi, Russell M., and Michael T. Marsden, eds.
A Sense of Place: Michigan’s Upper Peninsula.
Marquette: Northern Michigan University Press in conjunction with the Center for
Upper Peninsula Studies, 1997.
Marquette Daily Mining Journal,
August 7, 1903. Obituary for William Washington Gaines, 80, who was said to have
died from “old age and a complication of troubles.”
Marquette (Mich.) city directories for 1886–87, 1889, 1891, 1894, 1895, 1908, 1910,
1912, recorded by Marquette County Historical Society, October 1956.
McRae, Norman. A Chronology of the Black Experience in Detroit, 1736–1870, unpublished.
Monette, Clarence J.
The History of Eagle Harbor, Michigan.
Lake Linden, Mich.: first printing 1977, second printing 1978.
Palmer, Ronald, professor emeritus of The Practice of International Affairs, George
Washington University. “DeBaptiste Underground Railroad Leader,” a speech delivered
on August 30, 2002, at the U.S./Canadian History and Genealogy Conference, North Buxton,
Ontario.
———. “Some Useful Things to Know about George DeBaptiste.”
Piljac, Pamela A., and Thomas M. Piljac.
Mackinac Island: Historic Frontier, Vacation Resort, Timeless Wonderland.
Portage, Ind.: Bryce-Waterton Publications, 1988, 1989.
Polaczek, John, Dossin Great Lakes Museum, Detroit. Letter to author about slaves
escaping on boats that ran from Buffalo to Sandusky, then came on to Toledo and Detroit.
Powers, Tom.
Natural Michigan.
Davison, Mich.: Friede Publications, 1987, p. 165. Description of Munising.
Prosek, James. “Making Tracks in a World Gone Silent.”
The New York Times,
Friday, February 6, 2004, p. D1.
Rogers, Julia Ellen.
The Nature Library. Trees.
Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co., Inc., 1917, 1926. Describes white pines
on p. 222 and hemlocks on p. 260.
Sabin, Jan M.
Riding the Runners: The Annual Heartbeat of Marquette, Michigan.
Marquette, Mich.: Oak River Publishing, 2003.
Seton, Ernest Thompson. The Nature Library.
Animals.
New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co., Inc., 1909, 1925, 1926, p. 181. Talks about difference
between huskies’ tails and wolves’ tails.
Sexton, Sharon-Elizabeth, and Nathaniel Leach. “More Historical Errors on Underground
Railroad Monument,” press release issued on December 7, 2001.
Smith, Eric. “The History of Black Barbers and Barbershops, 1820–1900.” Afro-American
Genealogical & Historical Society of Chicago Newsletter, Vol. 23, No. 3 (March 2003).
Stocking, Kathleen.
Lake Country.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994.
Stocking, William.
The Detroit Post,
May 15, 1870. Interview with George DeBaptiste, identified as “perhaps the principal
manager of the UGRR in this city.”
Thurner, Arthur W.
Calumet Copper and People: History of a Michigan Mining Community, 1864–1970,
pp. 24–25.
“Upper Peninsula Business Register & Guide, 2004.” In
Upper Peninsula Business Today
(undated pamphlet), pp. 11–12. Climate and annual snowfall information.
Vielmetti, Douglas B. “Memories of Bygone Era Return with Visit to City of Four in
Gaines Family.”
Marquette Daily Mining Journal,
July 30, 1959, p. 14. This story talks about four members of the Gaines family receiving
a copy of the city planning book from city manager George T. Meholick Jr. during a
visit to Marquette, which they had left 42 years earlier.
Walch, Diane, boarder of Siberian and Alaskan huskies and a dogsledder, interview
with author, at her home near Negaunee, Michigan, March 6, 2004.
“Winter Very Hard on Negro Colony.”
Pioneer Tribune of Manistique, Manistee Tribune,
January 21, 1927.
Agreement signed by the heirs of Sarah and Hugh Gordon on September 26, 1834: “Know
all men by these presents: that we the heirs of Hugh Gordon, deceased, do bind ourselves,
our heirs, assigns, Executors or Adminis., personally and jointly, to make a Division
of the Estate of the above said Hugh Gordon, Real & personal among the heirs, Equally
Share And Share alike, Except Frances Gordon. We, the other heirs, do obligate ourselves
to give the above said Frances Gordon, one Slv Woman named Charlotte over and above
an Equal Share in the Estate to her and her heirs forever. We further obligate ourselves
to Give to Frances Gordon the plantation on which she now lives, over and above an
Equal Share During her natural life. We do bind ourselves, our heirs, assigns and
(an…s) to Defend against all Claim or Claims that may be made on the Estate of the
above said Hugh Gordon, deceased (should there be any) forever. In Testimony Whereof
we Do hereby duly affix our names this 26th day of September, 1834.”
Beals, June Lowe, comp.
The 1856 State Census of Lee County Iowa.
Bergmann, Leola Nelson.
The Negro in Iowa.
Iowa City, Iowa: State Historical Society of Iowa, February 1969, pp. 32, 35, 50,
53.
Bivins, Larry. “Street-Smart Kids Discover Wisdom at Rural Academy.”
Detroit News,
May 22, 1997. Describes the curriculum at Piney Woods.
Blockson, Charles L.
Hippocrene Guide to the Underground Railroad.
New York: Hippocrene Books, 1995, pp. 235–40.
———.
The Underground Railroad: First-Person Narratives of Escapes to Freedom in the North.
New York: Prentice Hall Press, 1987, pp. 187–91.
Boris, Joseph J., ed.
Who’s Who in Colored America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Persons
of Negro Descent in America,
Vol. I. New York: Who’s Who in Colored America Corp., 1927, p. 111.
Brown, Hallie Q., ed.
Homespun Heroines and Other Women of Distinction.
Xenia, Ohio: Aldine Publishing Co., 1926, p. 22.
Brown, Mabel E. “Dusky Lading.”
The Palimpsest
(a publication of the State Historical Society of Iowa), Vol. IX (July 1928), pp.
242–48.
Brown, Tony. “Publisher’s Statement: In Historical Perspective.”
Tony Brown’s Journal.
New York: Tony Brown Productions, Inc., 1984, p. 3. Description of the lynching of
Jeff Brown.
Byrkit, Christian S. “A Derailment on the Railway Invisible.”
Annals of Iowa,
Series 3, Vol. XIV (October 1923), pp. 95–100.
Clarkson, J. S., letter on Civil Rights. In Albert Fried, ed.
Annals of Iowa,
Series 3, Vol. XXXV, No. 3 (Winter 1960). Clarkson wrote to General James B. Weaver
on January 16, 1907, countering Weaver’s argument favoring the return of blacks to
Africa. He noted that his mother kept an Underground station on Melrose Farm in Grundy
County and that he operated a section of the road.
Coggan, Blanche B.
Prior Foster: First Afro-American to Found and Incorporate an Educational Institution
in the Northwest Territory.
Self-published, 1969.
Cohen, Saul B., ed.
The Columbia Gazeteer of the World,
Vol. 1, A–G. New York: Columbia University Press, 1952, 1962, p. 263. Bardstown,
Kentucky.
———.
The Columbia Gazeteer of the World,
Vol. 2, H–O. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, p. 1536. Keokuk City.
———.
The Columbia Gazeteer of the World,
Vol. 3, P–Z. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 3005. Information about Lincoln’s
parents.