Forbidden Fruit (33 page)

Blackett, R.J.M., ed.
Thomas Morris Chester, Black Civil War Correspondent: His Dispatches from the Virginia
Front,
with a biographical essay and notes. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1991, pp. 109,
202, 295.

Blassingame, John, ed.
Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews and Autobiographies.
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1977.

Blockson, Charles L.
African Americans in Pennsylvania, Above Ground and Underground: An Illustrated Guide.
Harrisburg, Pa.: RB Books, 2001.

———.
The Underground Railroad, First-Person Narratives of Escapes to Freedom in the North.
New York: Prentice Hall Press, 1987.

Bowman, John S., ed.
The Civil War Day by Day: An Illustrated Almanac of America’s Bloodiest War.
Greenwich, Conn.: Dorset Press, 1989.

Boyd, Herb, ed.
Autobiography of a People: Three Centuries of African American History Told by Those
Who Lived It.
New York: Anchor Books, 2001.

Brown, Thomas J., ed.
American Eras: Civil War and Reconstruction, 1850–1877.
Detroit: Gale Research, 1997, p. 329. It mentions that General Rosecrans was a Catholic
and kept a rosary in his pocket.

Buckley, Gail.
American Patriots: The Story of Blacks in the Military from the Revolution to Desert
Storm.
New York: Random House, 2001.

Burns, Ken, and Ric Burns, producers.
The Civil War: 1863—the Universe of Battle.
Florentine Films. This 1990 video, Episode 5 in the acclaimed PBS series, describes
the Battle of Gettysburg, the fall of Vicksburg, the use of black troops and the battles
at Chickamauga and Chattanooga.

Cooper, Desiree. “Group Keeps Black Troops’ History Alive.”
Detroit Free Press,
July 31, 2003.

Crozier, William Armstrong, ed.
Virginia County Records,
New Series,
Westmoreland County Wills,
Book II.

DeRamus, Betty. “Slaves Met Tricksters, Spies on Freedom’s Trail.”
The Detroit News,
February 8, 2000.

Dorwart, Bonnie Brice, M.D., medical staff, Lankehau Hospital, Wynnewood, Pa. “Rheumatism
During the U.S. Civil War.” A speech delivered at the 11th Annual Conference of the
National Museum of Civil War Medicine, October 2003.

Dougher, Louise, and Carol Bloomgarden.
Images of America: Greenlawn, A Long Island Hamlet.
Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2000.

Douglass, Frederick.
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass.
New York: 1962, p. 199.

Easton, Berenice, granddaughter of Samuel and Rebecca Balton. Interview with author
in the Harborfield Library, Greenlawn, New York, May 9, 2003.

Farmer, Alice G. “The Long Island Rail Road…Ties That Bind.” Greenlawn-Centerport
Historical Association, undated.

Fitzgerald, Ruth Coder.
A Different Story.
Fredericksburg: Unicorn, 1979.

Foote, Shelby.
The Civil War, A Narrative: Red River to Appomattox.
New York: Vintage Books, 1974.

Ford, Worthington Chauncey, ed.
A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865,
Vol. II. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1920. This volume includes
letters from Charles Francis Adams Jr. to his mother, father and Henry Adams about
the Civil War, particularly his command of the 5th Massachusetts Cavalry.

Fothergill, Augusta B.
Wills of Westmoreland County, Virginia, 1654–1800.
Richmond, Va.: Appeals Press, 1925.

Franklin, John Hope, and Loren Schweninger.
Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation.
New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 56, 64.

Funkhouser, Darlene.
Civil War Cookin’, Stories, ’n Such,
self-published, 2000.

Garrison, Webb.
Civil War Trivia and Fact Book.
Nashville: Rutledge Hill Press, 1992. Garrison reveals that there were 519 battles
between Union and Confederate troops in Virginia compared to 298 in Tennessee, 244
in Missouri, 186 in Mississippi, 167 in Arkansas, 138 in Kentucky, 118 in Louisiana,
108 in Georgia, 85 in North Carolina, 70 in West Virginia, 78 in Alabama, 60 in South
Carolina, 32 in Florida, 30 in Maryland, 19 in New Mexico, 17 in Indian Territory,
14 in Texas, 11 in Dakota Territory, 9 in Pennsylvania, 7 in Kansas, 6 in California,
6 in Minnesota, 4 in Oregon, 4 in Arizona, 4 in Colorado, 4 in Indiana, 2 in Nebraska,
2 in Nevada, 1 in Washington, 1 in the District of Columbia, 1 in Utah, 1 in New York,
1 in Idaho, 1 in Illinois.

Gladstone, William A.
United States Colored Troops—1863–1867.
Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1990.

Glueck, Grace. “Expressions of Hope and Faith, Inspired by the Work of a Freed Slave.”
The New York Times,
Friday, January 30, 2004.

“Greenlawn Pickle King: His Life Story Interesting.”
The Brooklyn Eagle,
September 8, 1910.

Hargrove, Hondon B.
Black Union Soldiers in the Civil War.
Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc., 1998.

Hine, Darlene Clark, Elsa Barkley Brown, and Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, eds.
Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia,
Vol. II, M–Z. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994.

“The History of Centerport and Greenlawn—A Brief Outline.” Compiled and written by
the Greenlawn-Centerport Historical Association.

Jackson, Thelma.
African Americans in Northport: An Untold Story.
Huntington, N.Y.: Maple Hill Press, Ltd., 2000.

Lain & Healy’s Brooklyn & Long Island Business Directory, 1896, which contains an
ad for Samuel Ballton’s real estate.

Leech, Margaret.
Reveille in Washington, 1860–1865.
New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc., 1986; orig. pub. 1941, M. L. Pulitzer.

LeGaye, E. S. “Rocky,” ed.
Authentic Civil War Battle Sites, Land & Naval Engagements.
Houston: Western Heritage Press, 1982.

The Long-Islander,
May 22, 1925. Contains an obituary for Rebecca Ballton.

Long Island Genealogies.
Albany, N.Y.: Joel Munsell’s Sons, 1895.

Mackay, Robert B., Geoffrey L. Rossano and Carol A. Traynor, eds.
Between Ocean and Empire: An Illustrated History of Long Island.
Northridge, Calif.: Windsor Publications, 1988.

Main, Edwin M.
The Story of the Marches, Battles and Incidents of the Third United States Colored
Cavalry.
Louisville, Ky.: Globe Printing Company, 1908; reprint, New York: Negro Universities
Press, 1970.

Mallin, Robert, M.D., retired plastic and reconstructive surgeon. “Patent (Proprietary)
Medicines in the Civil War,” a speech delivered at the 11th Annual Conference of the
National Museum of Civil War Medicine, October 2003.

McGrath, Charles. “The Civil War Without All the Sepia Tint.”
The New York Times,
Sunday, December 21, 2003.

The National Archives, Soldier’s certificate No. 975436, Lucy Nichols, nurse, medical
department, U.S. Volunteers.

“Negro Woman Given Membership in G.A.R.,”
The Atlanta Constitution,
January 31, 1915. This is an obituary for Lucy Nichols, who died in 1915 in New Albany,
Indiana. According to the article, she joined the 23rd Indiana Regiment in Tennessee
in 1861 and was the only Negro woman honored with membership in the Grand Army of
the Republic.

New Albany Weekly Ledger,
February 3, 1915. This contains an article that notes that Aunt Lucy Nichols was
taken to the county asylum to be cared for but was not a pauper. It also states that
she would be “buried with military honors in the colored cemetery beside her husband,”
though in 2003 it was unclear where she was actually buried.

New Albany Weekly Tribune,
February 5, 1915. This contains another short death notice for Lucy Nichols.

“Only Woman Ever Member of G.A.R. Dies in Asylum.”
New Albany Daily Ledger,
January 29, 1915. This article claims that Lucy Nichols died at age 72.

Pension records for Octave Johnson, USC Inf., certificate no. 942746, National Archives.

The Pickle Industry in Greenlawn, Including Old Family Recipes.
A pamphlet compiled and written by the Greenlawn-Centerport Historical Association,
4th ed., 1993.

Public Press,
February 2, 1915. Death notice for Lucy Higgs Nichols, who died at the county asylum
at the age of 69 in 1915.

Record Group 15: Records of the Veterans Administration: Civil War Pension: “Samuel
Ballton, Co. H, 5th Mass. Cav., 1885 Oct. 12: Invalid Application; 1917 Aug. 1 Widow’s
Application.”

Robertson, James I., Jr.
Civil War Sites in Virginia: A Tour Guide.
Charlottesville, Va.: The University Press of Virginia, 1982. This book states that
all of Fredericksburg and much of Richmond were in ashes and more than 17,000 dead
from fighting or sickness by April of 1865. It describes Petersburg as the scene of
more fighting than any Virginia community other than Richmond, and notes that Richmond
and Washington, the two capitals at the heart of the conflict, were only 110 miles
apart.

Roger, Sharon A. “Slaves No More: A Study of the Buxton Settlement, Upper Canada,
1849–1861.” A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the
State University of New York at Buffalo in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1995. The book states on page 3 that “During
the Civil War, many of Buxton’s able-bodied men…volunteered for service in the Federal
army and performed active military duty for a country they had fled.” She further
states on page 392 that about 35,000 Canadians, many black, joined the Union, and
that of the 8 black surgeons in the Union Army, two once were residents of Buxton,
Ontario.

Rogers, J. A.
Africa’s Gift to America: The Afro-American in the Making and Saving of the United
States.
Revised and enlarged Civil War Centennial Edition, copyright 1961. St. Petersburg,
Fla.: Helga M. Rogers, copyright renewed 1989. This includes information on the heroics
of black Medal of Honor winners at the battle of Chaffins Farm.

Schneider, Ben. “Trampled, Forgotten and Lost.”
New Albany Tribune,
March 8, 1998. This article speculated that Lucy Nichols was buried in New Albany’s
original colored black cemetery in Floyd County, but can offer no proof.

Schwarz, Philip J.
Migrants Against Slavery: Virginians & The Nation.
Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 2001, p. 62. Tells the
story of Garland White, who returned from Canada to fight.

Sernett, Milton C.
North Star Country: Upstate New York and the Crusade for African American Freedom.
Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2002. On page 125, the author notes that
John Quincy Adams was remembered affectionately for his efforts to release the Africans
who had mutinied on the Spanish ship
Amistad
in 1839.

“She Belongs to the G.A.R.”
The Sandusky Star,
Wednesday, January 18, 1899. Talks about Lucy Nichols being granted a $12 per month
pension by special order of Congress for participating in 28 battles, nursing, cooking
and washing.

Starobin, Robert S., ed.
Blacks in Bondage: Letters of American Slaves.
New York: New Viewpoints, 1974, p. 113. George Moses Horton story.

Thompson, Benjamin F.
History of Long Island,
Vol. 1, 3rd ed., rev. New York: Robert H. Dodd, 1918. This describes the soil and
topography of the region.

Ullman, Victor.
Look to the North Star: A Life of William King.
Toronto: Umbrella Press, 1994. The book contains information about fugitives who
returned from Canada to fight in the Civil War on pages 212 and 229.

U.S. Federal Census for 1880, which lists Ballton as 39 years old and a farm laborer
and Ann R. as his wife and her occupation as keeping house.

Weidman, Jane “Budge.” “Medical Stories from U.S. Colored Troops.” An address delivered
at the National Museum of Civil War Medicine’s 8th Annual Conference, August 4–6,
2000.

Wright, T.R.B.
Westmoreland County, Virginia, 1653–1912,
parts I and II. Richmond, Va.: Whittet & Shepperson, 1912.